The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for determining the refractive index gradient of a sample (1) of a material on the material surface (2) on the basis of the reflection behavior of said material. A bundle of light rays (7) of a light source (8) is focused, and said bundle is focused onto a position (10) on the surface (2) of the sample (1) through an optically transparent medium that has a higher refractive index than the material of the sample. The optically transparent medium lies between the sample (1) and the light source (8). The range of incidence angles of the focused light rays (7) contains the critical angle of the total reflection. Totally reflected light rays (7) are detected in a range of incidence angles after passing through the optically transparent medium in a spatially resolved manner as an intensity profile using a detecting device. The refractive index of the material is ascertained at the position of the surface (2) using the intensity profile. Subsequently, the position onto which the bundle of light rays is focused is varied. A refractive index gradient is then determined using the refractive indices determined for the individual positions by means of a control and analyzing device.
G01N 21/41 - Refractivity; Phase-affecting properties, e.g. optical path length
G01N 11/02 - Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity or plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material
2.
PROCESS FOR PRODUCING HIGHLY ORDERED NANOPILLAR OR NANOHOLE STRUCTURES ON LARGE AREAS
MAX-PLANCK-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FOERDERUNG DER WISSENSCHAFTEN E.V (Germany)
FACHHOCHSCHULE JENA (Germany)
Inventor
Morhard, Christoph
Pacholski, Claudia
Spatz, Joachim P.
Brunner, Robert
Abstract
The present invention relates to an improved process for producing highly ordered nanopillar or nanohole structures, in particular on large areas, which can be used as masters in NIL, hot embossing or injection molding processes. The process involves decorating a surface with an ordered array of metal nanoparticles produced by means of a micellar block- copolymer nanolithography process; etching the primary substrate to a depth of 50 to 500 nm, where the nanoparticles act as a mask and an ordered array of nanopillars or nanocones corresponding to the positions of the nanoparticles is thus produced; using the nanostructured master or stamp in a structuring processes. Also the finished nanostructured substrate surface can be used as a sacrificial master which is coated with a continuous metal layer and the master is then etched away to leave a metal stamp having an ordered array of nanoholes which is a negative of the original array of nanopillars or nanocones.
The invention relates to a method for determining the elongation or compression of a fiber-optic grating. The invention further relates to a fiber grating deformation sensor that operates according to said method. The following method steps are provided: a wavelength λM depending on the present deflection of a fiber Bragg grating M is selected from the wavelength range ΔλL emitted by a light source by means of the fiber Bragg grating M, a wavelength λS depending on the present deflection of a further fiber Bragg grating S is selected from the remaining spectrum by means of the fiber Bragg grating S, after the wavelengths λM and λS have been selected, the intensity of the remaining radiation component is evaluated and an equal or unequal deflection of the two fiber Bragg gratings M and S is inferred. According to the invention the fiber Bragg grating M intended to select the wavelength λM is periodically deflected so that the wavelength λM has a periodically changing value, or the deflection of the fiber Bragg grating M intended to select the wavelength λM continuously tracks the deflection of the fiber Bragg grating S so that the wavelengths λM and λS are kept identical.
The invention relates to a method and a device for machining the circumference of a workpiece (8) by means of a laser (1). The device comprises essentially a circumferential mirror (5) with a circumferential mirror system axis (9) and an optical system which couples a radiation beam (3) perpendicular to the circumferential mirror system axis (9) into the circumferential mirror (5) such that it hits the workpiece (8) after several reflections, the workpiece axis (11) extending in the same direction within the circumferential mirror (5) than the circumferential mirror system axis (9). According to the method of the invention, the radiation beam (3) is coupled into the circumferential mirror (5) over a predefined machining time, wherein the workpiece (8), the circumferential mirror (5) and/or the optical system are maintained in a relative position of rest or moved in relation to one another.
The invention relates to the pulsation-free volumetric delivery of fluids and suspensions and is suited both for large laboratory applications, such as the recirculation of cell suspensions in closed fermenters, and for the pulsation-free and continuous delivery of very small quantities. It is the aim of the invention to enable completely pulsation-free volumetric delivery of fluids and suspensions using a simple technical solution. The aim is achieved according to the invention by a method and an apparatus. By way of pump chambers (9) to (13) consecutively arranged in the flow direction, wherein the center pump chamber (11) has a volume that is three times as large as that of any of the other pump chambers (9), (10), (12), (13), an intermediate storage of a partial quantity of the medium to be transported is achieved. By phase-shifted actuation (8) of the pump chambers (9) to (13), a defined volume is taken in at the inlet of the apparatus and a defined volume is put out at the outlet during each phase of the pump cycle.
The invention relates to a method for analyzing the individual ear acupuncture points and zones of a human utilizing known calculatory analysis devices and imaging devices, wherein the direct current or alternating current resistance or the autologous potential difference of the skin are measured non-invasively between a skin area and a matrix of points not positioned within the area, wherein all orthogonally samplable acupuncture points are detected by electrodes on the ear, plus a region extending beyond the ear lobe, and a number of measurements is carried out per electrode, which is determined from test measurements and the desired total measuring time of a few seconds for all electrodes. A mean value is formed from said measurements, the amplifier input is connected to the ground before each measurement of an electrode, and the mean values obtained are stored in a micro-controller having an identification corresponding to the spatial association of the electrode in the grid (2) in the memory. As a supplementary measure, the ambient temperature is measured and also stored, and a photograph of the ear is read in to scale as a comparison image, which is displayed in the software, and which charts the multi-color matrix of the measured values, wherein the measurement value matrix is adapted to the scale of the photograph, and as a result of said adaptation measures, the ear and the measurement value matrix are geometrically aligned with each other in the image such that a unique association of the measuring values is possible with the respective measuring location at the ear.
The invention relates to a device for producing movements in viscous fluids by means of Lorentz force which is produced by a current density j and a magnetic flux density B, especially for mixing, homogenizing, refining and accelerating chemical reactions and physical processes in glass melts. The fluid (13) is present in a container (10) with which electrodes (13) heating the fluid to produce the current density j communicate and at least one magnet is associated therewith in the range of the current density j to produce the flux density B. The magnets are rod- or channel-shaped or tubular electric conductors (11) and are at least approximately parallel to a longitudinal extension of the container (10).
The invention relates to a method and a device for influencing electrically conductive fluids by means of Lorentz force in a working process, especially for mixing, homogenizing, refining and accelerating chemical reactions and physical processes in glass melts. During the entire duration of the working process, the frequency νj of the current density j and the frequency νB of the magnetic flux density B are kept distinct and the Lorentz force density fL is varied correspondingly.
The invention relates to a method and a device for constricting, separating and guiding a fluid stream, especially a stream of molten glass, avoiding the use of mechanical tools and the resulting impairments of the fluid stream. In the stream, a current density j is produced between at least two electrodes (36) that are in contact with the flow and heat it and a magnetic flux density B is produced between at least two magnet poles that are insulated from the stream, which densities are substantially perpendicular to each other and produce and control a Lorentz force density fL, said Lorentz force density being radial to the axis X-X of the fluid stream or the stream of molten glass.
The invention relates to a device for influencing viscous fluids by means of Lorentz force which is produced by a current density j and a magnetic flux density B, especially for mixing, homogenizing, refining and accelerating chemical reactions and physical processes in glass melts. The fluid (47) is present in a container (46) on or in which electrodes for producing the current density j are mounted in such a manner as to contact the fluid and outside of which at least one magnet (50, 51, 52, 53) is provided in the zone of the electrodes to produce the flux density B. The container has constricted or flared portions (48, 49) or edges in the direct vicinity of which the poles N, S of the magnets for producing the magnetic flux density B are arranged in pairs.
The invention relates to an arrangement for releasing, blocking, or altering the propagation direction, for influencing the spectrum or the intensity by splitting of beam portions or for modulating the phase or amplitude of a bundle of rays (4) or portions thereof. The arrangement according to the invention comprises: an optical element (1) made of a transparent material having a certain refractive index n1, a layer of liquid crystals applied to the surface region of the optical element (1), the refractive index ni (i=2...k) of which is a function of the magnitude of an electrical voltage applied to the liquid crystals, and an actuation circuit for specifying voltage values, wherein the boundary surface between the optical element (1) and the liquid crystal layer (2) is inclined against the direction of incidence of the ray bundle (4) at an angle α that lies in the range of the boundary angle of total reflection, and wherein, as a function of the predetermined electrical voltage, ni (i=2) ᡶ n1, such that the boundary layer does not reflect the bundle of rays (4) or ni (i=k) ឬ n1, such that the boundary layer totally reflects the bundle of rays (4), or ni (i=3...k-1) ឬ n1 such that the boundary layer incompletely reflects the bundle of rays (4).
The invention relates to a cigarette with reduced flammability, in particular, for avoiding damage caused by burning cigarettes. The aim of the invention is to describe a cigarette with reduced flammability and which also meets the international standard ASTM E 2187-04. Said aim is achieved by a cigarette comprising a tobacco skein in a paper sleeve, the tobacco in the skein being mixed with calcium sulphate dihydrate.
The invention relates to a welding arrangement which is used to connect workpieces, wherein the workpieces (10, 19, 20), which are to be joined, are impinged upon by a force P on the connection points thereof and are liquefied on said points by supplying heat. Said arrangement comprises at least one device which is provided with a maintaining element (7; 32) whereon a fixed first and a displaceable second part are arranged. The workpieces (10, 19, 20), which are to be connected, are positioned between said parts and during the welding process, at least one of the displaceable parts is impinged upon by a force P which acts in the direction to the workpiece. The maintaining element (7, 32) and at least one fibre-grid deforming sensor (14, 15, 22, 23, 24), which is arranged in a fixed manner on the first and the second part, are used to measure the deformation of at least one of said mentioned parts. Said fibre-grid deformation sensor (14; 15; 22; 23; 24) is optically connected to a radiation source (28) and to a photo-electric capturing arrangement of a polychromator (29). Said capturing arrangement is coupled to an evaluation unit (30) and/or to a process monitoring system or process control system.
The invention relates to a signal processing unit for a signal processing path (1) for altering a first property of a received signal (s1), comprising an output module (2, 3) for the output of the signal (s2), altered in the signal processing path (s1), as output signal (s3), whereby the signal processing path (1) carries out a change to a second property of the received signal (s1) according to a first transmission function and whereby the output module (2, 3) comprises an adjustable amplifier (2), arranged downline of the signal processing path (1), to which the altered signal (s2) is supplied and which amplifies the same according to a second transmission function relating to the second signal property and provides the same as an output signal (s3) and an adjuster module (3) which adjusts the second transmission function of the amplifier as the inverse of the first transmission function.
The invention relates to a capsule for releasing at least one agent that is contained therein by heating at least one heating element under the effect of at least one alternate magnetic field at a defined point in a body, said capsule dissolving when entering in contact with a dissolving liquid. The aim of the invention is to prevent the capsule from getting stuck on stenoses while rendering the same thermally acceptable and favorable from the point of view of energy. Said aim is achieved by at least partially surrounding the heating element with a capsule part whose material is provided with greater thermal resistance than the walls of common capsules used for medicaments.
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