A method of obtaining ethanol from a lignocellulosic biomass where said method comprises the following steps: Step 1: delignification of a lignocellulosic biomass using a modified Caro's acid; Step 2: recovering a solid portion of the delignification reaction mixture, wherein said solid portion comprises a substantially hemicellulose-free cellulosic component which comprises at most, up to 15 % w/w hemicellulose; Step 3: exposing the recovered solid portion of the resulting reaction mixture to an enzyme mix comprising cellulase enzymes to create a saccharification system which breaks down the cellulose into a saccharified composition, e.g., oligosaccharides Step 4: feeding the saccharified composition to an organism, such as yeast, with the ability to ferment sugars into ethanol.
C12P 7/10 - Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
C08H 8/00 - Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials
C08J 11/10 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
Method for passivating a metallic surface, said method comprising: - providing said metallic surface; - exposing said metallic surface to a modified Caro's acid composition selected from the group consisting of: composition A; composition B and Composition C; wherein said composition A comprises: - sulfuric acid in an amount ranging from 20 to 70 wt% of the total weight of the composition; - a modifier component comprising an amine moiety and a sulfonic acid moiety selected from the group consisting of: taurine; taurine derivatives; and taurine- related compounds; and - a peroxide; wherein said composition B comprises: - an alkylsulfonic acid: and - a peroxide; wherein the acid is present in an amount ranging from 40 to 80 wt% of the total weight of the composition and where the peroxide is present in an amount ranging from 10 to 40 wt% of the total weight of the composition; wherein said composition C comprises: - sulfuric acid; - a two-part modifier component comprising: - a compound comprising an amine moiety; and - a compound comprising a sulfonic acid moiety; and - a peroxide; for a period of time sufficient to coat said metallic surface with a metal oxide film created by the exposure of said metallic surface to said modified Caro's acid composition.
C23C 22/02 - Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using non-aqueous solutions
C23C 22/06 - Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH < 6
A process to increase the amount of methane produced from a bio-digester, said method comprising the steps of: - providing a digester adapted to receive a feed and capture a biogas composition resulting from biodigestion; - adding to said digester at least one organic material and at least one inoculum capable of converting a portion of said at least one organic material into methane under anaerobic conditions; - providing a biomass which is substantially free of lignin in an amount that ranges between 0.1 to 5 % w/w of the total feed, comprising at least one other organic material; - adding said biomass to said digester; - allowing sufficient time for the digester to degrade at least a portion of said biomass and at least a portion of said organic material to yield a biogas composition comprising methane; - optionally, continuously adding said biomass which is substantially free of lignin in an amount that ranges between 0.1 to 5 % w/w of the total feed comprising at least one other organic material; - capturing said biogas composition; and - optionally, storing said biogas.
C02F 11/04 - Anaerobic treatment; Production of methane by such processes
C12M 1/107 - Apparatus for enzymology or microbiology with means for collecting fermentation gases, e.g. methane
C12N 1/00 - Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
4.
OPTIMIZATION OF CHEMICAL CONSUMPTION IN BIOMASS DELIGNIFICATION
A process to perform a controlled exothermic delignification of biomass, said process comprising the steps of: - providing a system comprising at least a first vessel and a second vessel; - providing a biomass comprising lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose fibers into said first vessel; - providing a aqueous acidic composition comprising a sulfuric acid component; - providing a modifier component; - providing a peroxide component; - exposing said biomass to said sulfuric acid component and peroxide component, creating a reaction mass; - mixing said reaction mass; - allowing said sulfuric acid, modifier and peroxide components to come into contact with said biomass for a period of time sufficient to a delignification reaction to occur and remove a pre-determined amount of said lignin from said biomass; wherein said pre-determined amount is assessed by testing a first kappa number, with a suitable apparatus, of the biomass, when said first kappa number of said biomass is reached, the biomass is transferred to said second vessel.
244; o at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine; creatine; biuret alkyl urea; alkylsulfonic acid; spraying the modified aqueous acid composition onto said fresh cut hay, thereby yielding an acid-soaked hay; placing an air impermeable barrier between the acid-soaked hay and the surrounding air in to minimize presence (or leakage) of oxygen in the acid-soaked hay; optionally, adding a natural compound so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed; and allowing fermentation of the acid-soaked hay.
A23K 30/15 - Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging
A23K 10/30 - Animal feeding-stuffs from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
Method to produce biofuel using a lignin-rich feedstock, said method comprise; - providing a lignin-rich feedstock, wherein said lignin-rich feedstock comprises more than 60 wt% of lignin-based compounds obtained from delignification of biomass, where said lignin-based compounds are selected from the group consisting of: lignin-derived monomers, lignin-derived dimers, lignin-derived oligomers and combinations thereof; - performing a hydrodeoxygenation reaction on said lignin-rich feedstock, wherein the hydrodeoxygenation reaction is carried out in a hydrogen-rich source at a temperature ranging from 300oC to 400oC under a H2 pressure ranging from 15 to 75 bar, more preferably 35 bar, in the presence of a catalyst adapted for HDO reactions, for a period of time sufficient to result in an upgraded oil having a total acid number (TAN) of about 10-35 mg KOH/g and viscosity of 4-30 cP.
C10G 1/06 - Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by destructive hydrogenation
A process to prepare an aqueous fertilizer with a high nitrogen content, said process comprising the steps of: - providing a solid material having a high nitrogen content; - providing a live yeast in solution adapted to enzymatically removing nitrogen-containing compounds from said solid; - exposing said solid to said yeast in an aqueous environment, thereby creating a metabolically active culture mixture; - incubating said metabolically active culture; - injecting air in to the metabolically active mixture during said incubating step so as to inhibit the production of ethanol; wherein said metabolically active mixture undergoes said incubating step for a period of time sufficient to result in a nitrogen-fed yeast mixture; - hydrolyzing (by autolysis) the resulting nitrogen-fed yeast mixture for a period of time sufficient to remove nitrogen from said yeast, where the nitrogen removed from said yeast is present in the mixture as dissolved nitrogen.
C05F 17/20 - Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
C12P 1/02 - Preparation of compounds or compositions, not provided for in groups , by using microorganisms or enzymes; General processes for the preparation of compounds or compositions by using microorganisms or enzymes by using fungi
A process to make a nitrogen-enhanced yeast-based fertilizer, said process comprising the steps of: - providing a live yeast (BSY) in solution; - exposing said live yeast to a nitrogen-containing compound to a carbohydrate and an enriched nitrogen source such as an amino acid, a protein or the like thereby creating an incubation mixture; - injecting air in to the incubation mixture so as to inhibit the production of ethanol; wherein said incubation mixture undergoes incubation for a period of time sufficient for said yeast to metabolize said nitrogen source and for said yeast to propagate and store the supplied nitrogen source in their vacuoles resulting in a nitrogen-fed yeast mixture; - hydrolyzing (or autolyzing) the resulting nitrogen-fed yeast mixture under specific conditions; and - optionally followed by a dehydration or evaporation step, to meet pre-determined specifications.
C05F 17/20 - Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
A process to hydrolyze cellulose into cellobiose comprising the following steps: - providing a reaction vessel; - providing a Cellulomonas uda (ATCC 491) inoculum; - exposing said Cellulomonas uda (ATCC 491) bacterium to a source of cellulose having a kappa number of less thanin an aqueous medium of pH of about 8 at a temperature ranging from 30 °C to 35 °C for a period of time ranging from 14 to 42 days; - exposing the cellobiose to a bacterium or fungi or yeast, or combination which converts cellobiose to glucose or ethanol.
C08B 1/00 - Preparatory treatment of cellulose for making derivatives thereof
C08H 8/00 - Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials
C08J 11/10 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
A process to delignify biomass, said process comprising the steps of: providing a vessel; providing biomass comprising lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose fibers into said vessel; providing a aqueous acidic composition comprising a sulfuric acid component; providing a peroxide component; exposing said biomass to said sulfuric acid component and peroxide component, creating a reaction mass; allowing said sulfuric acid component and peroxide component to come into contact with said biomass for a period of time sufficient to a delignification reaction to occur and remove over 90 wt% of said lignin and hemicellulose from said biomass; and controlling the temperature of the delignification reaction to mmaintain it below 55°C.
A method to perform fish silage wherein a low fuming acid composition is used, said method comprises the steps of: providing fish waste; providing a container adapted to receive said fish waste; providing a modified aqueous acid composition comprising: an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and at least one acid-modifying compound; such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, mixing the fish waste with the modified aqueous acid composition together in said container; allowing the modified aqueous acidic composition to be in contact with the fish waste for a period of time sufficient to convert the fish waste into animal feed, wherein the pH of the composition comprising the modified aqueous acid and the fish waste ranges from 2 to 4 preferably from 2 to 4, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5; optionally, adding an amine-containing compound to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed.
An aqueous composition comprising: sulfuric acid; a heterocyclic compound; and a peroxide. Said composition being capable of delignifying biomass under milder conditions than conditions under which kraft pulping takes place.
C08J 11/10 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
An aqueous composition comprising: sulfuric acid; an alkanesulfonic acid; and a peroxide. Said composition being capable of delignifying biomass under milder conditions than conditions under which kraft pulping takes place.
An aqueous composition comprising: sulfuric acid; a substituted aromatic compound; and a peroxide. Said composition being capable of delignifying biomass under milder conditions than conditions under which kraft pulping takes place.
D21C 3/06 - Pulping cellulose-containing materials with acids, acid salts, or acid anhydrides bisulfites
C08H 8/00 - Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials
C08J 11/10 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
An aqueous composition comprising: sulfuric acid; a modifying agent comprising an amine group; and a peroxide. Said composition being capable of delignifying biomass under milder conditions than conditions under which kraft pulping takes place.
C08J 11/10 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
An aqueous composition comprising: sulfuric acid; a modifying agent comprising an arylsulfonic acid; and a peroxide. Said composition being capable of delignifying biomass under milder conditions than conditions under which krafit pulping takes place.
An aqueous composition comprising: sulfuric acid; a heterocyclic amine compound (e.g. imidazole and 1- methylimidazole); an alkane sulfonic acid (e.g. methanesulfonic acid); and a peroxide (e.g. hydrogen peroxide). Said composition being capable of delignifying biomass under milder conditions than conditions under which kraft pulping takes place with minimal carbonation and high cellulose recovery.
C08J 11/10 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
An aqueous composition comprising: sulfuric acid; a modifying agent comprising a carbonyl-containing nitrogenous base compound; and a peroxide. Said composition being capable of delignifying biomass under milder conditions than conditions under which krafit pulping takes place.
Method of delignification of plant material, said method comprising: providing said plant material comprising cellulose fibres and lignin; exposing said plant material requiring to a composition comprising: an acid; a modifying agent selected from the group consisting of: sulfamic acid; imidazole; taurine; a taurine derivative; a taurine-related compound; alkylsulfonic acid; aryl sulfonic acid; triethanolamine; and combinations thereof; a metal salt; and a peroxide; for a period of time sufficient to remove substantially all (at least 80%) of the lignin present on said plant material.
C08J 11/10 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
A process to separate lignin from a lignocellulosic feedstock, said process comprising the steps of: - providing said lignocellulosic feedstock; - providing a composition comprising; - an acid; - a modifying agent selected from the group consisting of: sulfamic acid; imidazole; imidazole derivatives; taurine; a taurine derivative; a taurine-related compound; alkylsulfonic acid; arylsulfonic acid; triethanolamine; and combinations thereof; - a peroxide salt; and - a peroxide; - exposing said lignocellulosic feedstock to said composition for a period of time sufficient to depolymerize substantially all of the lignin present in said lignocellulosic feedstock into lignin oligomers and lignin monomers; wherein said process is carried out at atmospheric pressure.
C08H 8/00 - Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials
C08J 11/10 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
Method for controlled delignification of lignocellulosic feedstock, said method comprising the steps of: providing a reactive phase of pH less than 1, said reactive phase comprising: o water; o sulfuric acid; o a source of peroxide; o a modifying agent, said modifying agent adapted to control the reactivity of the sulfuric acid; providing a holding phase, said holding phase comprising an organic solvent which does not react with the aqueous acidic composition; combining said reactive phase and holding phase to form a reaction mixture; exposing a lignocellulosic material to said reaction mixture for a period of time sufficient to allow delignification of the lignocellulosic material.
C08J 11/10 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
Method of delignification of plant material, said method comprising providing said plant material comprising cellulose fibres and lignin; exposing said plant material requiring to a composition comprising an acid; a modifiying agent selected from the group consisting of: sulfamic acid; imidazole; N -alkylimidazole; taurine; a taurine derivative; a taurine-related compound; alkylsulfonic acid; arylsulfonic acid; triethanolamine; and combinations thereof; a metal oxide; and a peroxide; for a period of time sufficient to remove substantially all (at least 80%) of the lignin present on said plant material.
C08J 11/10 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
Method of delignification of plant material, said method comprising: providing said plant material comprising cellulose fibres and lignin; exposing said plant material requiring to a composition comprising: an acid; a modifiying agent selected from the group consisting of: sulfamic acid; imidazole; N-alkylimidazole derivative; taurine; a taurine derivative; a taurine-related compound; alkylsulfonic acid; arylsulfonic acid; triethanolamine; and combinations thereof; a metal oxide; and a peroxide; adding an organic solvent to the resulting mixture; allowing a delignification reaction to occur for a period of time sufficient to remove at least 80% of the lignin present on said plant material.
C08H 8/00 - Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials
C08J 11/10 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
Method of delignification of plant material, said method comprising: providing said plant material comprising cellulose fibres and lignin; exposing said plant material requiring to a composition comprising: - an acid; - a capping agent; and - a peroxide; for a period of time sufficient to remove substantially all (at least 80%) of the lignin present on said plant material. Also disclosed are compositions to accomplish such delignification and processes using such.
C08J 11/10 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
An aqueous acid composition comprising sulfuric acid, a compound comprising an amine moiety and a sulfonic acid moiety and optionally a peroxide. The use of the composition in treating biomass is also disclosed.
Method of delignification of plant material, said method comprising: providing said plant material comprising cellulose fibers and lignin; exposing said plant material requiring to a composition comprising: alkane sulfonic acid; and a peroxide, wherein said alkylsulfonic acid and peroxide are present in a molar ratio ranging from 1:1 to 15:1 and the time of exposure is sufficient to remove substantially all of the lignin present on said plant material. Compositions capable of achieving delignification are also disclosed.
An aqueous composition comprising: sulfuric acid; a compound comprising an amine moiety; a compound comprising a sulfonic acid moiety; and a peroxide. Said composition being capable of delignifying biomass.
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