A system includes an Industrial facility having a first memory storing first machine-executable components and a first processor coupled to the first memory and designed to execute the first machine-executable components. The first machine-executable components include a cloud connectivity component, a second memory residing at a cloud platform and coupled to a second processor storing second machine-executable components and is designed to execute the second machine-executable components which include a management component. The management component belongs to an entity that produces Industrial devices residing at the industrial facility. During an Interaction with the cloud connectivity component, the management component defines an allowed installation context and authorizes installation of a computer program on the Industrial devices only within the scope of the allowed installation context, wherein the interaction excludes sending the computer program to the management component.
G06F 9/50 - Allocation of resources, e.g. of the central processing unit [CPU]
H04L 9/32 - Arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system
A computer-implemented method for generating a trained machine learning model for automatically detecting faults in a manufactured product using optical inspection is provided, including receiving a multitude of image data of images taken from manufactured products to be inspected, establishing a segmentation machine learning model which inputs the image data of one image and out-puts a first number of image data segments, establishing a detection machine learning model including a separate detection machine learning model for each of the image data segments, combining each of the separate detection machine learning models with the segmentation machine learning model generating a paired machine learning model for each of the image data segments, coupling the paired machine learning models of all image data segments according to a fault criterion, and generating a trained machine learning model by optimizing the coupled paired machine learning models for all image data segments of the received images.
An integrating model for a technical system composed of at least one of a machine, a component of a machine, and a technical process includes a machine-machine interface, and a plurality of individual models having each assigned a raw model and a data pre-processing, wherein different individual models model different parts of the technical system and have different raw models and a different data pre-processing, and wherein at least one of the individual models is interchangeable for a part of the technical system.
G05B 19/4155 - Numerical control (NC), i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by programme execution, i.e. part programme or machine function execution, e.g. selection of a programme
A power converter arrangement includes semiconductor arrangements for two motors, wherein a control unit is used to continuously form a sum current composed of a first current and a second current and the sum current is compared with a predeterminable maximum value in order to protect the motors from being destroyed, where the control unit includes a device in which a priority grade is input by a user, where the priority grade describes the priority of one of the two machines, and where the control unit reduces the current of the respective machine that lacks priority according to the priority grade when the maximum value is exceeded.
H02P 5/50 - Arrangements specially adapted for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of two or more electric motors for speed regulation of two or more dynamo-electric motors in relation to one another by comparing electrical values representing the speeds
H02P 27/06 - Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
Various embodiments of the teachings herein include a computer-aided method for transforming data in a relational database, containing sensor measurements, into RDF data blocks of a graph database. The method may include: providing a R2RML mapping file; breaking down and converting the data using the mapping file and a first mapping parser; generating a generation of RDF data blocks; and storing the generation as a database. After the data have been broken down and converted, checking a quality of the obtained R2RML mapping and creating a second R2RML mapping file, on the basis of which the relational data are broken down and converted into RDF data blocks. The second R2RML mapping, during the preparation of the relational data into RDF data blocks, automatically stops the processing of relational data that are not to be resolved and thus optimizes the energy efficiency of the preparation.
Various embodiments of the teachings herein include a method for ascertaining an evaluation BEW of a data set DS made available to a client by a data source in a data packet D. The method may include: analyzing the data packet D using the client to determine a group GCHAR of characteristics CHAR_i, where i=1, . . . , n and where n≥1, typical of the data packet DS; and ascertaining the evaluation BEW of the data set on the basis of the determined characteristic CHAR1, CHAR2 with the aid of already available information.
H04L 41/16 - Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks using machine learning or artificial intelligence
H04L 43/04 - Processing captured monitoring data, e.g. for logfile generation
7.
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DECOMPOSING MONOLITH APPLICATIONS INTO SOFTWARE SERVICES
A computer system and method for decomposing a monolith application into one or more software services is provided. In embodiments, the method includes obtaining a feature model associated with the monolith application from a source. Further, at least one bounded context present in the feature model is computed using a graph-based traversal algorithm, wherein the bounded context is associated with a bounded keyword. Further, a requirement cluster contextually relevant to the at least one bounded context is selected from one or more requirement clusters, based on similarity between the bounded keyword and at least one cluster keyword corresponding to each of the requirement clusters. Further, one or more file packages corresponding to the contextually relevant requirement cluster is identified, wherein the identified the one or more file packages correspond to at least one software service.
Various embodiments include a driver circuit for controlling a semiconductor switch. Some circuits include: a contact for connection to a control terminal of the semiconductor switch; and a device to carry out a measurement of a value dependent on the level of the current flowing through the semiconductor switch, in the course of a switch-off process of the semiconductor switch. The value is either the level of the gate current at a point in time or in a time window after the start of the switch-off process or a timespan from the start of the switch-off process until a definable threshold value of the voltage drop across the semiconductor switch is reached. Depending on the size of the value, the device activates a control measure to reduce the change over time in the current flowing through the semiconductor switch.
A bi-directional power converter, a control unit, a charging device and a method for transferring power between an EV and a power grid are provided. The bi-directional power converter includes an isolated DC-DC converter having a first stage converting a DC voltage into a high frequency AC voltage, a second stage capable of converting a high frequency AC voltage having an amplitude V2 into the DC voltage having an amplitude of V2 or 2V2, and converting the DC voltage into a multi-level high frequency AC voltage, and an intermediary stage electrically coupled to the first and the second stages, having a high frequency transformer of a turns ratio V1:V2.
H02M 3/335 - Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
10.
ASSISTANCE APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATICALLY IDENTIFYING FAILURE TYPES OF A TECHNICAL SYSTEM
Assistance apparatus for automatically identifying failure types of a technical system is provided including at least one processor configured to determine for each sensor data a set of specific temporal courses of first time series of the sensor data of the sensor and assign a symbolic representation to each of the different specific temporal courses, provide at least one failure pattern, obtain more than one monitored time series of sensor data of the technical system, each of them divided into a sequence of time segments, and automatically assign to each time segment a symbolic representations according to the temporal course of the sensor data in the time segment, calculate a similarity measure for the set of symbolic representations of a selected time interval, determine a ranking of the failure pattern depending on decreasing values of the calculated similarity measure, and output the ranking.
METHOD FOR CHARGING AN ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE, ELECTRICAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHOD, AND USE THEREOF
A method, a system and a computer program product for changing an electrical state of charge of an electrical energy storage:
a) stipulating at least one target value for a target state of charge of the electrical storage device,
b) determining at least one actual value of an actual state of charge of the electrical storage device,
c) extrapolating the actual value of the actual state of charge of the energy storage device to an extrapolation value of an extrapolation state of charge of the energy storage device, taking into account at least one charging parameter of the charging process, and
d) comparing the target value of the target state of charge with the extrapolation value of the extrapolation state of charge and starting or interrupting the charging process if the extrapolation value deviates from the target value by more than 2%.
H02J 7/00 - Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
G01N 27/42 - Measuring deposition or liberation of materials from an electrolyte; Coulometry, i.e. measuring coulomb-equivalent of material in an electrolyte
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
12.
COMMUTATION CELL, FLYING CAPACITOR MODULE AND MULTILEVEL CONVERTER
A commutation cell for a flying capacitor module, to a flying capacitor module having the commutation cell and to a multi-level converter having the flying capacitor module is disclosed. The commutation cell includes a circuit board, two semiconductors mounted either on the same side or on opposite sides of the circuit board, four capacitors arranged in pairs on opposite sides of the circuit board, and flying capacitors connected to the input and output sides of the commutation cell, respectively. The capacitors located on opposite sides are connected to one another by way of via holes. Different commutation paths between the various capacitors extend on the first side and on the second side of the circuit board and along the vias, with currents flowing through the respective adjacent capacitors in opposing directions for an overall reduction in the parasitic inductances.
H02M 7/483 - Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltage levels
H02M 7/00 - Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
H02M 7/515 - Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only
13.
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MANAGING SIMULATION ARTIFACTS
A computer system and method for managing simulation artifacts is disclosed herein. The method includes parsing at least one first workspace associated with simulation of at least one first product to generate one or more first simulation artifacts. Further, at least one knowledge graph is generated by mapping the one or more first simulation artifacts corresponding to the at least one first product to a predetermined ontology model. Further, a user's intent to modify at least one second simulation artifact in a second workspace is captured based on interaction of the user with a simulation modelling user interface. The second workspace is associated with simulation of a second product. Further, one or more recommendations for modifying the at least one second simulation artifact are generated, based on one or more properties of a contextually similar first simulation artifact, and displayed on the simulation modelling user interface.
G06F 30/20 - Design optimisation, verification or simulation
G06F 30/12 - Geometric CAD characterised by design entry means specially adapted for CAD, e.g. graphical user interfaces [GUI] specially adapted for CAD
14.
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MANAGING END-OF-LIFE PRODUCTS
A computer system and method for managing End-of-Life products is disclosed herein. The method includes generating, by a processor, a virtual representation of at least one part of the End-of-Life product based on inputs received from a source. Further, the virtual representation is processed to determine a part condition associated with the at least one part. Based on the part condition and at least one operational attribute associated with the at least one part, a health state of the at least one part is classified into at least one of a plurality of health states. Further, a circularity decision for managing the at least one part is identified from a knowledge graph, based on the health state of the at least one part. Based on the circularity decision identified, a recommendation for managing the at least one part is generated, on a graphical user interface.
G06V 10/44 - Local feature extraction by analysis of parts of the pattern, e.g. by detecting edges, contours, loops, corners, strokes or intersections; Connectivity analysis, e.g. of connected components
G06V 10/764 - Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning using classification, e.g. of video objects
Various embodiments of the teachings herein include an image processing system comprising: a video stream processing device configured to receive a video stream, segment the video stream into multiple frames of pictures arranged in chronological order, and distribute the multiple frames of pictures to edge computing devices in a connected edge computing device group; and a picture collecting device configured to receive pictures from the edge computing device group. The individual edge computing devices in the edge computing device group are each configured to subject the received pictures to target identification, and send the pictures marked with a region in which an identified target is located. The picture collecting device is further configured to restore in chronological order as a video stream the received pictures marked with target identification results.
G06V 20/40 - Scenes; Scene-specific elements in video content
G06V 10/25 - Determination of region of interest [ROI] or a volume of interest [VOI]
G06V 10/762 - Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning using clustering, e.g. of similar faces in social networks
G06V 20/52 - Surveillance or monitoring of activities, e.g. for recognising suspicious objects
An insulating-material housing has first and second current path region next to each other and each having a first receiving space for a short-circuit tripping apparatus, a second receiving space for a switching contact and a third receiving space for an arc-quenching apparatus. The two first receiving spaces are arranged in a front side and a respective narrow side of the housing. The two second receiving spaces are arranged centrally between the two first receiving spaces. The third receiving spaces are arranged between a fastening side of the housing and the respectively associated first receiving space. A fourth receiving space for an additional functional assembly is next to the first and/or third receiving space of the first current path region in a normal direction of the broad sides. The compact configuration allows the circuit breaker to be expanded by an additional functional assembly in the fourth receiving space.
A computer-implemented method and a system is provided for protecting at least one device of a target infrastructure against a cyber incident, whereby an infrastructure database contains device-specific information for its devices, by providing a security playbook for the given cyber incident, transforming the security playbook to a transformed playbook, analyzing the respective step of the transformed playbook based on a policy and process database, which shows a rule indicating whether at least a part of the step can be executed without any restriction or only with a restriction or has to be blocked, executing the steps based on the labeled playbook taking the handling label into account and for generating at least one instruction derived from at least one of the steps, and generating a device-specific command based on the instruction and based on a syntax processable by the device.
A computer-implemented method for operating a modular technical system that includes a technical module and a module-spanning management system, where the method includes transmitting constraints and targets of an operation of the technical system from the management system to either the technical module or a corresponding computer-implemented representation of the technical module; determining, via the at least one technical module or the corresponding computer-implemented representation of the technical module, an optimal operating point of the at least one technical module based on the previously received constraints and targets; determining at least one performance indicator, relating to the optimal operating point, of the corresponding technical module and transmitting the at least one performance indicator from the technical module or the corresponding computer-implemented representation to the management system, and orchestrating the technical module via the management system by incorporating the at least one performance indicator to operate the modular technical system.
G05B 19/418 - Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control (DNC), flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), integrated manufacturing systems (IMS), computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)
19.
Multi-dimensional Object Pose Estimation and Refinement
Various embodiments include a pose estimation method for refining an initial multi-dimensional pose of an object of interest to generate a refined multi-dimensional object pose Tpr(NL) with NL≥1. The method may include: providing the initial object pose Tpr(0) and at least one 2D-3D-correspondence map Ψpri with i=1, . . . , I and I≥1; and estimating the refined object pose Tpr(NL) using an iterative optimization procedure of a loss according to a given loss function LF(k) based on discrepancies between the one or more provided 2D-3D-correspondence maps Ψpri and one or more respective rendered 2D-3D-correspondence maps Ψrendk,i.
A power converter includes an apparatus for enclosing a power unit, which is at least partially inside and/or on a heat sink, and for centering a control unit with respect to the power unit. The power unit includes a semiconductor component and a substrate. The apparatus includes a frame designed to at least partially, preferably completely, surround the substrate, two protruding pieces of a first type designed to engage in a recess or an opening in a heat sink, a protruding piece of a second type designed to engage in a recess or an opening in a control unit, and a fixing element, with at least one of the two protruding pieces of a first type and the fixing element being connected to one another and designed to project in opposite directions. The control unit includes an electronic component and is connected to the power module by the fixing element.
A method for detecting an object on a capacitive touch sensor of an operating terminal, wherein the object has an identifier that provides, whereby detectable information, where the identifier is detected as touch sensor data via the touch sensor and the touch sensor data is forwarded to an analysis unit, where the information of the identifier is ascertained in the analysis unit using the touch sensor data and the identifier comprises a marking, made of a conductive material, which has shapes that are connected by a connecting line, where the object is placed on the touch sensor such that the marking lies flat on the touch sensor that detects the shapes as contact points, and where the arrangement of the shapes and thus the detected contact points, provides the information.
G06K 7/08 - Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers by means detecting the change of an electrostatic or magnetic field, e.g. by detecting change of capacitance between electrodes
A method for designing an energy system is provided. An abstract structure of the energy system is determined based on a pre-defined abstract model for each one of the plurality of components. Configuration(s) of a system sizing associated with the energy system are determined. Each of the configuration(s) of the system sizing is determined based on the abstract structure and a set of requirements associated with the abstract structure of the energy system. For each of the configuration(s) of the system sizing, a respective complex structure of the energy system is determined based on a pre-defined complex model for each of the components and the abstract structure, and a performance of the respective complex structure of the energy system is determined based on a set of requirements associated with the energy system. The energy system is designed based on respective performances determined for the configuration(s) of the system sizing.
Various embodiments of the teachings herein include a method for detecting data anomalies. A method may include: receiving test data; and matching the test data with a data rule determined on the basis of historical data having a shared data type with the test data. The data rule contains an antecedent and a consequent predicate set. An intersection of the antecedent predicate set and the consequent predicate set is an empty set. The antecedent predicate set contains at least one antecedent predicate. The consequent predicate set contains at least one consequent predicate. When the data to be tested satisfies all the antecedent predicates in the antecedent predicate set and fails to satisfy at least one consequent predicate in the consequent predicate set, the test data is flagged as anomalous due to failure to satisfy the data rule.
A method checks an industrial machine or an automation system by a computer-assisted safety test. At least one control path of the entire industrial machine or of the entire automation system is checked the computer-assisted safety test.
G05B 19/406 - Numerical control (NC), i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by monitoring or safety
25.
Method for Transmitting Data By Way of at Least Two Moving Components, Computer Program Product, Transmitter and Receiver
Various embodiments include a method for transmitting data from a transmission source to a transmission target using at least two components of a network moving relative to the transmission source and/or transmission target. The method may include transmitting data using a distributed database having at least two parts transmitted by at least two of the components. The at least two parts are linked cryptographically to one another.
Various embodiments of the teachings herein include a method for fusing one or more cross sections in a powder layer for building one or more objects layer by layer with electron beam powder bed fusion. The method may include: pre-sintering only the cross sections in the powder layer by scanning the cross sections with a first line energy; and fusing the cross sections by scanning the cross sections with a second line energy. The second line energy exceeds the first line energy by at least a factor of 2.
A bi-directional power converter, a control unit, a charging device and a method for transferring power between an EV and a power grid are provided. The bi-directional power converter includes an isolated DC-DC converter having a first stage converting a DC voltage into a high frequency AC voltage, a second stage capable of converting a high frequency AC voltage having an amplitude V2 into the DC voltage having an amplitude of V2 or 2V2, and converting the DC voltage into a multi-level high frequency AC voltage, and an intermediary stage electrically coupled to the first and the second stages, having a high frequency transformer of a turns ratio V1:V2.
H02M 3/335 - Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
H02M 1/00 - APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF - Details of apparatus for conversion
H02M 7/5388 - Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with asymmetrical configuration of switches
A circuit breaker for interrupting an electrical circuit when current limit values and/or current/time period limit values are exceeded has an energy transducer, the primary side of which is connected to the electrical circuit and the secondary side of which provides a power supply for at least one control unit of the circuit breaker. A first rectifier circuit and a second rectifier circuit are connected to the secondary-side output of the energy transducer. The first rectifier circuit is connected to the secondary-side output of the energy transducer via a capacitor.
H02H 3/093 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to excess current with timing means
29.
ZERO-DOWNTIME UPGRADES OF CONTAINERIZED PLC AUTOMATION FUNCTIONS
Disclosed is an automated method and system for upgrading an automation function controlling an actuator via a PLC (programmable logic controller), including:
providing a first container and a first sidecar container, whereby the first container contains a first automation function,
the first automation function is controlling the actuator via the PLC,
providing a second container and a second sidecar container, whereby the second container contains a second automation function,
the second automation function is receiving data from the actuator but is not controlling the actuator,
based on the received data pre-activation tests for the second automation function are executed in the second sidecar container by the second test unit,
if the pre-activation tests are successfully finished, the time when the control of the actuator is handed over is determined, and
the control of the actuator is handed over from the first automation function to the second automation function.
A computer system and method for managing a geometric design created using a CAD tool is provided. The method includes receiving, by a processor, a request for generating a machine-comprehensible graph data model corresponding to a geometric design created using a CAD tool, from a requesting entity. Further, a plurality of features associated with the geometric design are parsed to identify a set of first attributes indicative of a design intent. One or more of the features are associated with at least one sketch used for creation of the geometric design and at least one operation performed on the sketch. Further, the at least one sketch is analyzed to compute a set of second attributes indicative of a vector representation of the sketch. Further, the machine-comprehensible graph data model generated based on the set of first attributes and the set of second attributes, is provided to the requesting entity.
G06F 30/12 - Geometric CAD characterised by design entry means specially adapted for CAD, e.g. graphical user interfaces [GUI] specially adapted for CAD
Industrial automation systems are often inflexible, which can result in delays that are costly and inconvenient. In particular, it is recognized herein that the engineering phase of automation system implementation currently represents a significant portion of the overall cost of an automation system. As described herein, automation system configurations can be automatically generated. For example, a discover match use (DMU) system described herein can reduce engineering time while providing design flexibility.
G05B 19/4155 - Numerical control (NC), i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by programme execution, i.e. part programme or machine function execution, e.g. selection of a programme
A semiconductor module includes a semiconductor element, a substrate, and a bond connector designed as a gate resistor, shunt, resistor in an RC filter or fuse. The bond connector includes a core made of a first metal material and a jacket which is designed to envelope the core and made from a second metal material that is different from the first metal material, with the first metal material having an electrical conductivity which is lower than an electrical conductivity of the second metal material. At least one of the semiconductor element and the substrate is connected to the bond connector.
H01L 23/00 - SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS - Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
H01L 23/34 - Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation
H01L 25/16 - Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices the devices being of types provided for in two or more different main groups of groups , or in a single subclass of , , e.g. forming hybrid circuits
33.
AUTOMATIC ASSIGNMENT OF CHANGED PERMISSIONS FOR DIAGNOSTIC PURPOSES FOR WORK CONTAINER INSTANCES THAT HAVE ALREADY BEEN STARTED
A method for automatically assigning changed permissions for diagnostic purposes for work container instances is provided including: in a reconfiguration unit of a runtime environment of the device or an orchestration device, receiving configuration information for starting a container instance, identifying diagnostic configuration information for providing at least one diagnostic container instance of a diagnostic application that carries out diagnostic activities, retrieving existing work container instances from a classification database, determining) a reconfiguration requirement of the retrieved work container instances, changing initial work configuration information to provide diagnostic data according to the diagnostic configuration information for each work container instance for which a reconfiguration requirement has been determined, restarting the changed work container instances according to the changed work configuration information, and starting the at least one diagnostic container instance of a diagnostic application according to the diagnostic configuration information.
G06F 11/36 - Preventing errors by testing or debugging of software
G06F 11/14 - Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in operation, e.g. by using different operation sequences leading to the same result
34.
Method and Control Program for Automated Configuration of a Communication Network Comprising Multiple Virtual Local Area Networks
Method and control program for automatically configuring a communication network with a plurality of Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs), wherein for each VLAN, starting from communication terminals on ports of switches and/or routers along paths assigned to the respective VLAN, a VLAN port operating mode is defined in each case, VLAN segment boundaries are defined via first VLAN port configuration tags, where second VLAN port configuration tags are used to set limits for tracing the paths assigned to the respective VLAN to define the VLAN port operating modes, third VLAN port configuration tags are used to set limits for tracing the paths assigned to the respective VLAN only with respect to outbound frames to define the VLAN port operating modes, and where the tracing of the paths assigned to the respective VLAN, and a configuration of the ports comprised by these paths are controlled using the VLAN port configuration tags.
H04L 41/0893 - Assignment of logical groups to network elements
35.
Control Method, Control System and Computer Implemented Method for Determining a Predicted Weight Value of a Product Produced by an Injection Molding Device
Control method, control system, computer-implemented method for determining a predicted weight value of a product produced by an injection molding device and a computer-implemented method for training a machine learning (ML) via an ML method, wherein the trained ML model is configured to determine the predicted weight value of the product produced via the injection molding device, where the method comprises recording and/or determining first production parameters of the injection molding device during production of a first product, recording and/or determining predecessor production parameters of the injection molding device during production of at least one predecessor product and each predecessor weight value of the at least one predecessor product, recording and/or determining a first weight value for the first product, and training the ML model, via a supervised learning method, with the first product parameters, further product parameters, at least one predecessor weight value, and the first weight value.
An automation system for controlling a loading system and operating method for the loading system which loads or moves a load along a route, wherein a collision between the load and objects in the environment during the loading process is avoided, where a digital load image file describing a spatial overall extent of the load is provided, an environment image file is recorded cyclically via an imaging sensor system, a protective distance is added to data of the load image file to provide a collision model image file, a cutout file is provided as a virtually recorded image file with a viewing angle from the load as a function of the route, a differential image file is provided from the collision model image file and the cutout file via differentiation, and an evaluation step is performed via which the differential image file is examined for a possible collision.
A method for controlling voltage in a feeder of a distribution system having a plurality of DERs includes executing a feedback control using an integral controller. A voltage signal is generated using measured or estimated voltages at multiple locations along the feeder. An error is determined between the voltage signal and a defined voltage limit. The error is input to a controller including an integrator to generate a control action to counteract the error. The control action is distributed among at least some controllable DERs, from the plurality of DERs, that are capable of responding to the control action by generating actuation signals for absorbing reactive power from or injecting reactive power into the feeder, and/or for reducing active power or increasing active power in the feeder. The control action continues to increase until the voltage signal reaches the defined voltage limit, to thereby control voltage in the feeder.
Various embodiments of the disclosure include methods for testing measuring devices n for resources of an energy system assigned to a common measuring device. The method may include: acquiring a measurement signal Pn(t) by way of each of the measuring devices n; acquiring a sum signal PPCC(t) by way of the common measuring device; providing an objective function Z, which defines a difference between the acquired sum signal PPCC(t) and a modeled sum signal {circumflex over (P)}PCC(t), wherein the modeled sum signal {circumflex over (P)}PCC(t) is formed by way of the acquired measurement signals Pn(t) and a respective scaling factor Sn; and computing the values of the scaling factors Sn by extremizing the objective function Z. The test includes determining an error with one of the measuring devices n through a deviation of the computed value of the associated scaling factor Sn from a value defined for the respective measuring device n.
A power converter includes at least two power semiconductor modules. Each of the power semiconductor modules includes at least one power semiconductor and power contacts, which are electrically conductively connected to the power semiconductors via an external circuit for the parallel connection of the power semiconductor modules. The power semiconductors are further connected to one another in parallel by way of at least one additional connection having a lower parasitic inductance and/or a lower series resistance than the external circuit.
H01L 25/11 - Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups , or in a single subclass of , , e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices having separate containers the devices being of a type provided for in group
H01L 23/50 - Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads or terminal arrangements for integrated circuit devices
H01L 25/00 - Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices
In a method for encapsulating a winding overhang of a stator which includes a laminated core with windings inserted in grooves of the laminated core such that winding ends protrude from the grooves to form a winding overhang at a distance from a laminated core end and run in a region between the laminated core end and the winding overhang so as to form intermediate spaces between the winding ends, at least one of the intermediate spaces is spanned by a polymer layer such as to prevent a flow of encapsulating compound through the at least one spanned intermediate space, and the winding overhang is encapsulated with the encapsulating compound after placing the stator in a housing of an electric machine.
H02K 15/12 - Impregnating, heating or drying of windings, stators, rotors or machines
H02K 3/38 - Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation around winding heads, equalising connectors, or connections thereto
H02K 15/10 - Applying solid insulation to windings, stators or rotors
41.
SEMICONDUCTOR MODULE ASSEMBLY HAVING A COOLING BODY AND AT LEAST ONE SEMICONDUCTOR MODULE
A semiconductor module assembly includes a cooling body having a cooling body main body and a cooling body attachment with a channel structure for a heat-transporting fluid. The channel structure is hermetically sealed with a cooling body main body surface so that the cooling body attachment and the cooling body main body are in direct contact with the heat-transporting fluid. The cooling body attachment includes a central piece having essentially parallel channels of the channel structure, and end pieces arranged on both sides of the central piece. Each end piece has deflection channels of the channel structure, which are arranged to establish a fluidic connection between the essentially parallel channels of the central piece. A semiconductor module contacts the cooling body, with the hermetically sealed channel structure of the cooling body attachment and the heat-transporting fluid forming a pulsating heat pipe which is thermally conductively connected to the semiconductor module.
An arrangement including a guide system and a carrier vehicle. The guide system includes a route guide extending along a path for the carrier vehicle. To provide a flexible and rapid material flow in a production, the guide system has vehicle guide elements on the carrier vehicle. The guide system further includes vehicle guide elements on the carrier vehicle. The guide system is configured in such a way that a guide function of the guide system limits the degree of freedom of the translational movability of the carrier vehicle during the interaction of the route guide with the vehicle guide elements apart from a limited movement play to a translational movability along the path. The guide function may be cancelled at least in portions along the path by a movability of the route guide out of a guide position and may be activated by a movability of the route guide into the guide position.
A heat sink for a semiconductor switching device. The heat sink has a contact surface for producing planar contact with one or more elements of a power module of the semiconductor switching device that are to be cooled. The heat sink additionally has measures for positioning the power module on and fastening it to the heat sink in a preferred position, and a fastening plate with molded-on mountings for positioning and mounting the heat sink on a carrier device. The heat sink, including the contact surface and the fastening plate, is manufactured in one piece from electrically insulating, thermally conductive plastics material having a thermal conductivity of at least 2 W/(m·K).
A temperature measurement facility for determining a medium temperature of a medium from first and second temperatures at a location immediately around a surface surrounding the medium includes a first and second sensors for determining the first and second temperatures, and a measured value processor connected to the first and second sensors by a first and second feed lines and which provides, cyclically over time, at a measurement interval the first and second temperatures as the measured value for determining the medium temperature, wherein an evaluator is configured to determine a rate of change, from a difference between the first and second temperatures, and depending on its value configured to provide a quality feature, and is further configured to transmit the quality feature, as an evaluation of a measurement accuracy of the medium temperature, together with the measured value of the medium temperature, to a higher-level system.
A computing system may include a digital material collaboration engine configured to construct a digital material that is partially-defined based on input from a requestor entity of a digital material collaboration platform. The digital material may be for the manufacture of a physical product and may be partially-defined to include a physical material or product requirements for the physical product, but does not define process parameters of a manufacturing process to manufacture the physical product. The digital material collaboration engine may further be configured to receive, from provider entities of the digital material collaboration platform, proposed versions for the digital material that specify process parameters for the manufacturing process, and connect the requestor entity with a selected provider entity of the provider entities of the digital material collaboration platform based on a particular proposed version for the digital material provided by the selected provider entity.
A power converter, a control unit, a charging device and a method for transferring power to an EV from a power grid are provided. The power converter includes an isolated DC-DC converter having a first stage converting a DC voltage into a high frequency AC voltage having an amplitude V1, an intermediary stage having a high frequency transformer, a resonant tank which outputs a resonant sinusoidal current scaled by the high frequency transformer, and a second stage, connected to a secondary winding of the high frequency transformer, including a power conversion switch, four diodes, and two or more capacitors, that selectively converts the high frequency AC voltage of amplitude V2 into a DC voltage of amplitude V2 or 2V2.
H02M 1/00 - APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF - Details of apparatus for conversion
B60L 53/22 - Constructional details or arrangements of charging converters specially adapted for charging electric vehicles
H02M 3/00 - Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
H02M 3/335 - Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
47.
Operating Method and Operator-Supporting Control System for a Technical Plant
Control system and method for a technical plant, in particular a production or process plant, includes an operator station server and an operator station client connected to the operator station server, wherein the operator station client, at runtime of the plant, receive an instruction specified by the operator for an operator activity relating to the plant and a condition specified by the operator and which relates to an internal state of the plant for the instruction and transmit them to the operator station server, and the operator station server stores the instruction and condition received from the operator station client in memory and checks whether the condition is met, such that operators can adapt flexibly and efficiently to the operation and monitoring of the plant, particularly if it is formed in a modular manner for plant configurations that change during its life cycle.
G05B 19/418 - Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control (DNC), flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), integrated manufacturing systems (IMS), computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)
A power converter, a control unit, a charging device and a method for transferring power to an EV from a power grid are provided. The power converter includes an isolated DC-DC converter having a first stage converting a DC voltage into a high frequency AC voltage having an amplitude V1, an intermediary stage having a high frequency transformer, a resonant tank which outputs a resonant sinusoidal current scaled by the high frequency transformer, and a second stage, connected to a secondary winding of the high frequency transformer, including a power conversion switch, three diodes, and two or more capacitors, that selectively converts the high frequency AC voltage of amplitude V2 into a DC voltage of amplitude ranging from V2 to 2V2.
H02M 3/335 - Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
49.
METHOD FOR THE AUTOMATED SUPPORT OF AN INSPECTION AND/OR CONDITION MONITORING OF OBJECTS OF A PRODUCTION SYSTEM
A method for the automated support of an inspection and/or condition monitoring of objects of a production system is provided. A processor takes or calculates an actual pose of an object. The actual pose specifies a translation and/or rotation with respect to a target pose of the object. A processor calculates a scaled pose of the object from the actual pose of the object by scaling the translation and/or rotation with respect to the target pose of the object. The processor displays an animated focus graphic. The focus graphic displays alternately a graphical image of the object in the target pose and a graphical image of the object in the scaled pose, and the scaling is selected such that a deviation of the actual pose from the target pose, which deviation is diagnostically relevant for the inspection and/or condition monitoring of the object, is clearly perceptible.
The disclosure relates to a method and a corresponding apparatus for allowing the introduction of pay-per-use models in the renting out of components in automation business. The challenge and the success in the introduction of pay-per-use models include appropriately addressing the conflict of interest between the protection of sensitive production data and the need to collect as much of the production data as possible for use as usage-relevant billing data. Therefore, a method is proposed that securely protects the data used and nevertheless allows the data to be reconstructed at a later time in the event of contentious questions.
It is recognized It is recognized herein that current approaches to robotic picking lack efficiency and capabilities. In particular, current approaches often do not properly or efficiently estimate the pose of bins, due to various technical challenges in doing so, which can impact grasp computations and overall performance of a given robot. The pose of the bin can be determined or estimated based on depth images. Such bin pose estimation can be performed during runtime of a given robot, such that grasping can be enhanced due to the bin pose estimations.
The current disclosure describes a method for discovering two or more access points in an industrial facility. The method includes receiving a plurality of single user probe responses from the two or more access points over the two or more resource units of the frequency band associated with access point discovery, wherein each single user probe response is received over the resource unit associated with the corresponding access point; and discovering the two or more access points based on the received plurality of single user probe responses from the two or more access points, wherein each access point from the two or more access points is associated with a corresponding resource unit from the two or more resource units and wherein each resource unit is associated with one or more sub carriers in the frequency band.
A system, apparatus and method for estimating remaining useful life of at least one bearing is provided. The method includes receiving request for analyzing defect in bearing from source, determining vibration spectrum of bearing from the received operational data, monitoring an impact of defect on one bearing over a period of time based on the determined vibration spectrum, determining characteristic values from the vibration spectrum for which the impact of the defect on the bearing is above a threshold range, determining impact force during an operation of the at least one bearing based on the determined characteristic values and one or more parameters obtained from a virtual bearing model, determining remaining useful life of the bearing based on the determined impact force during the time period and generating a notification indicating the remaining useful life of the bearing on output device.
Various embodiments of the teachings herein include an image stitching method comprising: acquiring a current frame of a first picture photographed by a first camera and a second camera, wherein an overlap exists between photographed regions in the pictures; determining whether the relative position relationship between the cameras stay unchanged when a current frame and a previous frame of pictures are photographed; if the first condition is met, acquiring a first projection transformation parameter used when a projection transformation is performed for the previous frame of a third picture photographed by the first camera and a second projection transformation parameter used when a projection transformation is performed for the previous frame of a fourth picture photographed by the second camera; and blending the pictures using the first parameter to perform a projection transformation for the first picture and the second parameter to perform a projection transformation for the second.
G06T 7/73 - Determining position or orientation of objects or cameras using feature-based methods
G06T 7/33 - Determination of transform parameters for the alignment of images, i.e. image registration using feature-based methods
G06T 7/246 - Analysis of motion using feature-based methods, e.g. the tracking of corners or segments
H04N 23/76 - Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene by influencing the image signals
H04N 23/71 - Circuitry for evaluating the brightness variation
H04N 7/18 - Closed-circuit television [CCTV] systems, i.e. systems in which the video signal is not broadcast
55.
Method for Producing a Stack of Magnetic Sheets for a Rotor and/or Stator of an Electric Machine, and Method for Producing an Electric Machine, and Method for Producing an Installation and a Vehicle
Various embodiments include a method for manufacturing a stack of magnetic laminations for a rotor and/or stator of an electric machine. The method includes: recording a respective physical property of each respective magnetic lamination from a plurality of magnetic laminations; determining a setpoint value for a physical variable of the stack of magnetic laminations; ascertaining a stacking sequence of the individual magnetic laminations of the plurality reducing a deviation of an actual value for the physical variable of the stack with the ascertained stacking sequence from a setpoint value in relation to stacks with other stacking sequences of magnetic laminations; and stacking the plurality of the magnetic laminations in the ascertained stacking sequence.
H02K 15/02 - Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines of stator or rotor bodies
56.
Operating Method for a Valve System, Computer Program Product, Control Unit, Valve Actuating Apparatus, Valve System and Simulation Program Product
Operating method for a valve system, computer program product, controller, valve actuator, valve system and simulation program product, where a valve is moveable between first and second end positions, the valve system is initially made available in an active operating state, the first end position of the valve is approached by actuating the valve actuator and the first end position is detected as a first absolute position of an actuating shaft and, alternatively or additionally, the second end position of the valve is approached by actuating the valve actuator and the second end position is detected as a second absolute position of the actuating shaft, a design of the valve is identified via the first and/or second absolute position of the actuating shaft by an algorithm, and the identified design of the valve is transmitted by the valve actuating apparatus to a controller and/or is parameterized via the identified design.
F16K 37/00 - Special means in or on valves or other cut-off apparatus for indicating or recording operation thereof, or for enabling an alarm to be given
57.
Method and Plant for Producing Electronic Assemblies Using a Printing Device
Various embodiments include a method for producing electronic assemblies. The method may include: applying a fluid printing medium in a structured manner using a printing device multiple times consecutively in a sequential series of individual printing steps; measuring a rheological property of the printing medium in an automated repeated series of individual measurement steps during or between the individual printing steps; executing a computer-implemented rheological model for the execution of the individual printing steps, using the repeatedly measured rheological property as a variable input parameter; determining a favorable value for a selected printing parameter with the rheological model based on the currently measured rheological property; and automatically setting the determined favorable value for the selected printing parameter.
H05K 3/12 - Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern using printing techniques to apply the conductive material
H05K 3/00 - Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
A method for protecting an electrical low-voltage circuit for a protective switching device. A mechanical break contact unit, which is switched by opening or closing contacts for current flow in the low-voltage circuit, and an electronic interrupter, which is switched by semiconductor-based switching elements into a high-impedance state or a low-impedance state of the switching elements, are connected in series. If the level of current in the low-voltage circuit exceeds a current threshold value, prevention of current flow through the low-voltage circuit is initiated by high-impedance switching of the electronic interrupter. When the electronic interrupter is high impedance or switched to high impedance, the level of current in the low-voltage circuit continues to be determined, and if a first residual current threshold value is exceeded, the contacts of the mechanical break contact unit are opened.
H01H 9/54 - Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
H02H 3/08 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to excess current
H02H 3/05 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection - Details with means for increasing reliability, e.g. redundancy arrangements
H01H 71/12 - Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release
59.
HEAT PIPE HEAT SINK FOR A PULSATING OPERATION, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING A HEAT PIPE HEAT SINK OF THIS KIND
A heat pipe heat sink operating as a pulsating heat pipe includes a body comprising internally a closed channel in which a fluid is arranged such that part of the fluid is present in gaseous form. The channel has a periphery which is designed to be smooth. The body includes a first body portion which is embodied as curved, alternatingly curved, serpentine or U-shaped. A coolant, in particular a gaseous coolant, flows through the first body portion along a surface of the first body portion, wherein portions of the channel are arranged parallel to one another and/or in the presence of more than one channel, different channels are arranged parallel to one another. The body is composed of two block parts, with parts of the channel being arranged on a boundary area of the two block parts, respectively.
F28F 13/10 - Arrangements for modifying heat transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media by imparting a pulsating motion to the flow, e.g. by sonic vibration
H05K 7/20 - Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating
60.
CONNECTOR FOR A CIRCUIT BREAKER AND A DOWNSTREAM CONTACTOR, FEEDER WITH SUCH A CONNECTOR AND ARRANGEMENT WITH SUCH A FEEDER
A connector for a circuit breaker and a downstream contactor has a one-piece configuration and facilitates an electrical connection between the circuit breaker and the downstream contactor. The connector includes at least one sensor, the connector includes an evaluation unit for measured values of the sensor, and the connector includes first contacts for the circuit breaker and second contacts for the downstream contactor, both acting in the same mating direction. A feeder for connecting a load and an arrangement having a distribution system, a load and a feeder, are also provided.
H01H 83/14 - Protective switches, e.g. circuit-breaking switches, or protective relays operated by abnormal electrical conditions otherwise than solely by excess current operated by unbalance of two or more currents or voltages, e.g. for differential protection
H01H 71/04 - Means for indicating condition of the switching device
Values of a physical quantity acquired by a sensor unit are corrected with a correction value. A functional correlation) exists between the values of the physical quantity and the correction value. At least one value of the physical quantity acquired by the sensor unit is corrected by applying a correction value to it determined by way of the functional correlation. A new correction value is determined by way of the functional relationship on the basis of the at least one value of the physical quantity captured by the sensor unit. Finally, at least one value of the physical quantity acquired by a sensor unit is corrected by applying the new correction value to it.
A method for imputing data to a time series of events include collecting data relating to a plurality of events, storing the collected data in a database, defining a set of rules based on patterns observed, defining a new data relating to one of the plurality of events based on the set of rules. Defining additional rules and new data is iteratively performed based on new data and rules established in a prior iteration. The iterations may be stopped when no new rules or data is established in a previous iteration. The new data may be sequential temporal information of the event in the time series or may be a tag relating to the class of the event. The new data may be generated using rule mining. The new data is propagated to the rule mining and additional rules are defined based on the new data.
A model optimization method for additive manufacturing may include: acquiring an explicit model of a concept design for additive manufacturing; converting the explicit model to an implicit model represented by a signed distance field formed by a shortest distance from each voxel in a working space to a boundary point of the concept design; determining an unfeasible geometric feature for current additive manufacturing and a detection threshold corresponding thereto; subjecting the implicit model to unfeasible geometric feature detection and iterative processing for correction and optimization based on the detection threshold of the determined unfeasible geometric feature, to obtain an optimized implicit model; and converting the optimized implicit model to an optimized explicit model.
Various teachings of the present disclosure include an electrical switching device. The device may include: two contactable conductor elements with adjustable spacing set by a movement apparatus; and a housing defining a switching chamber and at least partially surrounding the at least two conductor elements. The housing has an insulator body and regions of an electrical contact. The housing includes an external refraction-controlling coating with a dielectrically insulating matrix made of a material with a permittivity εr>/=2.
A circuit breaker device protects an electrical low-voltage current circuit. The level of a current of the low-voltage current circuit is ascertained periodically such that current values are provided incrementally. The level of the voltage of the low-voltage current circuit is ascertained periodically such that voltage values are provided incrementally. The change in the current is ascertained from the periodically ascertained current values over time such that current change values are provided incrementally, and a differential voltage is ascertained from the periodically ascertained voltage values and an expected value of the voltage such that differential voltage values are provided incrementally. Each current change value is compared with a second threshold, and each differential voltage value is compared with a first threshold. If the first and second thresholds are exceeded, an interruption of the current circuit is initiated by switching elements being set to a high-ohmic state.
H02H 3/44 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to the rate of change of electrical quantities
H01H 9/54 - Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
H02H 3/08 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to excess current
A circuit breaker device protects an electric low-voltage current circuit. A level of a voltage of a low-voltage current circuit is ascertained such that ascertained voltage values are provided. A differential voltage is ascertained from the ascertained voltage values and an expected value of the voltage such that differential voltage values are provided incrementally. Each differential voltage value is compared with a first threshold, and if at least two successive differential voltage values exceed the threshold, an interruption of the low-voltage current circuit is initiated by semiconductor-based switching elements, which are set to a high-ohmic state, in order to protect the low-voltage current circuit from a short-circuit.
H02H 3/05 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection - Details with means for increasing reliability, e.g. redundancy arrangements
H02H 3/38 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to phase angle between voltage and current
A method for protecting an electrical low-voltage circuit includes ascertaining the level of the voltage of the low-voltage circuit in the form of instantaneous voltage values. A change in the current is ascertained over time such that instantaneous current change values are provided. The instantaneous current change values are compared to instantaneous current change threshold values in order to recognize a short circuit in the low-voltage circuit, and if the current change thresholds are exceeded, an electronic interruption unit switches from the low-resistance state to the high-resistance state in order to interrupt the low-voltage current circuit. The process has a trigger time from the short circuit event to the high-resistance state. The trigger time is largely independent of the phase angle. A circuit breaker device for protecting an electrical low-voltage circuit is also provided.
H02H 3/44 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to the rate of change of electrical quantities
H02H 3/40 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to ratio of voltage and current
H02H 3/05 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection - Details with means for increasing reliability, e.g. redundancy arrangements
A circuit breaker device has a mechanical break contact unit connected in series with an electronic interruption unit. The mechanical break contact unit is switched by breaking contacts to prevent current from flowing or by closing the contacts to allow current to flow in the low-voltage circuit. The electronic interruption unit is switched by semiconductor-based switching elements into a high-impedance state of the switching elements to prevent current from flowing or into a low-impedance state of the switching elements to allow current to flow in the low-voltage circuit. An amplitude of the current in the low-voltage circuit is ascertained such that analog momentary current values are provided which are compared with a current threshold value by an analog comparator, and if the threshold value is exceeded, prevention of current flowing in the low-voltage circuit is initiated, in particular by switching the electronic interruption unit into the high-impedance state.
H02H 3/05 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection - Details with means for increasing reliability, e.g. redundancy arrangements
H02H 3/38 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to phase angle between voltage and current
H02H 5/04 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to abnormal temperature
A circuit breaker device for a low-voltage circuit has a mechanical isolating contact unit connected in series with an electronic disconnection unit. The mechanical isolating contact unit is switched by opening contacts to prevent current flow or closing the contacts for current flow in the low-voltage circuit. The electronic disconnection circuit is switched by semiconductor-based switching elements into a high-resistance state of the switching elements or into a low-resistance state of the switching elements for current flow in the low-voltage circuit. When the amount of an instantaneous current value of the low-voltage circuit exceeds at least one current threshold value, prevention of the current flow of the low-voltage circuit is initiated. The at least one current threshold value is adjusted according to the magnitude of the voltage of the circuit breaker device.
Various embodiments of the teachings herein include anomaly detection methods for a dynamic control system. An example method includes: using a g network to initialize a hidden state distribution of the system; receiving a measurement value of a sensor and a state value of a trigger at a current point of time; receiving a sampling point into an f network to perform a prediction to obtain a second sampling point; using an h network to map the second sampling point into a sensor measurement value space to perform a prediction to obtain a probability distribution of a measurement value of the sensor in the dynamic control system at the current point of time; and determining whether an anomaly exists in the dynamic control system by comparing the measurement value obtained from real-time monitoring and the probability distribution obtained from a prediction.
In order to reproduce noise components of lossy recorded operating signals of a technical system, a neural network is trained to reproduce a recorded target operating signal and a statistical distribution of a stochastic component of the recorded target operating signal on the basis of a recorded input operating signal. A current input operating signal of the technical system is then supplied to the trained neural network. An output signal having a noise component modelled on the statistical distribution is generated on the basis of the supplied current input operating signal and a noise signal. The output signal is then output as the current target operating signal for controlling the technical system.
G05B 13/02 - Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric
72.
Cyber-Physical System for Cleaning Traffic Routes and/or Outdoor Facilities
Various embodiments include a cyber-physical system for the automated cleaning of the edge regions of traffic routes and/or green spaces. The system may include: modules of a first type, a second type, and a third type; a communication network; and associated interfaces. The first type identifies a disturbing object. The second type receives the data from the first. The second type comprises a processor in a management system which processes the data and trains neural networks with the data using an artificial intelligence. The management system communicates with the third type and causes it to start a manipulator connected for picking up the disturbing object and/or transporting it away. Each module comprises a respective data memory and a respective processor and can start an action independently.
E01H 1/00 - Removing undesirable matter from roads or like surfaces, with or without moistening of the surface
B64U 20/87 - Mounting of imaging devices, e.g. mounting of gimbals
73.
METHOD FOR TEACHING AN ELECTRONIC COMPUTING DEVICE, A COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT, A COMPUTER-READABLE STORAGE MEDIUM AS WELL AS AN ELECTRONIC COMPUTING DEVICE
A method for teaching an electronic computing device includes at least a machine learning algorithm for predicting a position-based propagation of radio waves in an environment, including the steps of: providing a mathematical model for the position-based propagation, wherein the mathematical model includes at least a physical model for the position-based propagation in the environment generating training data for the machine learning algorithm including a propagation field and/or a propagation domain; training the machine learning algorithm by fitting the training data to a partial derivative of the machine learning algorithm; and obtaining a prediction of a propagation loss by a weighted sum of multiple evaluations of the trained machine learning algorithm. Furthermore, provided is a computer program product, a computer-readable storage medium as well as an electronic computing device.
A circuit breaker device for protecting a low-voltage electric circuit includes a mechanical break contact unit connected in series with an electronic interruption unit. The break contact unit is switchable by opening contacts to prevent current flow or by closing the contacts to allow current flow in the low-voltage circuit. The electronic interruption unit is switchable by semiconductor-based switching elements into a high-resistance state of the switching elements to prevent current flow or into a low-resistance state of the switching elements to allow current flow in the low-voltage circuit. The amplitude of the current in the low-voltage circuit is ascertained to provide instantaneous current values which are compared with at least one current threshold value, and if the threshold value is exceeded, prevention of current flowing in the low-voltage circuit is initiated. The at least one current threshold value is adjusted according to a temperature level of the circuit breaker device.
H02H 5/04 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to abnormal temperature
H02H 3/05 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection - Details with means for increasing reliability, e.g. redundancy arrangements
H02H 3/38 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to phase angle between voltage and current
75.
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING A LOCATION OF A USER DEVICE IN AN INDUSTRIAL FACILITY
The current disclosure discloses a method for determining a location of a user device in an industrial facility. The method includes: transmitting a localization request to a location controller via a first base station; receiving a response message at a second time instance from the first base station; transmitting a timing message to the first base station; transmitting a polling message to a second base station; receiving a second response message at a fifth time instance from the second base station; and transmitting a second timing message to the second base station. The location controller is configured to determine the location of the user device based on transmission time instances and reception time instances associated with the localization request, the polling message, the first and second response messages, and the first and second timing messages.
G01S 5/14 - Determining absolute distances from a plurality of spaced points of known location
H04L 5/00 - Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
H04W 64/00 - Locating users or terminals for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management
H04W 12/104 - Location integrity, e.g. secure geotagging
H04W 74/08 - Non-scheduled access, e.g. random access, ALOHA or CSMA [Carrier Sense Multiple Access]
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
A power module includes a power unit. The power unit includes a power semiconductor and a substrate. In order to improve the reliability of the power module, the substrate of the power unit is directly connected in an integrally bonded manner to a surface of a heat sink. The power unit is surrounded at least partially by a housing. The housing includes a housing frame which is connected liquid-tight to the surface of the heat sink and formed from a first dielectric material, and a housing cover which is connected to the housing frame to close the housing and is formed from a second dielectric material.
A method for authenticating a communication partner on a device is provided, in which method, in addition to a physical device implementation, there is at least one virtual device implementation allocated to the device, the method having the following steps: receiving an access authorization of a communication partner one first of these two device implementations, checking, by the first device implementation, the access authorization and if the access authorization is deemed permissible, providing an authorization verification from the first device implementation to the communication partner, and permitting an access to the second device implementation of these two device implementations by the communication partner by the authorization verification.
For providing recommendations for bill of materials revision, a database is storing bills of materials for a set of products. A pattern learning module processes the stored bills of materials to learn patterns. Embodiments for learning structural and temporal patterns are provided. A pattern application module applies the patterns to a current bill of materials for a product of interest and forecasts recommendations, with each recommendation indicating how the current bill of materials should be updated. A user interface outputs the recommendations along with the applied patterns and their confidence values. The method and system provide an automized framework that forecasts revision for products. That framework helps to boost product quality by avoiding late recognition of change needs that would most likely negatively impact product and cost performance. Automatically assessing the change needs reduces hours spent by domain experts on these tasks, which saves internal costs.
An industrial control device executes a number of containerized control applications in constant cycles and includes: queuing disciplines associated with a respective network interface, which manage incoming or outgoing network packets in a queue and hold back network packets having a timestamp not older than a barrier timestamp; and an agent that performs, in each cycle, first performs maintenance processing and then executes the control applications for a remainder of the cycle. The maintenance processing includes I/O processing with a technical device on behalf of the control applications and transmitting, to each of the queuing disciplines, a move command instructing advancement of the barrier timestamp and including a timestamp indicating a start time of the respective cycle. The queuing disciplines adjust their barrier timestamps based on the received start time. Time-deterministic behavior is achieved in an efficient manner.
A computer implemented method for engineering a process bus system, a substation engineering tool, and a substation communication configuration tool are provided. The computer implemented method obtains, from the substation engineering tool, engineering data associated intelligent electronic device(s) deployable in a substation, using an SCD file, generates publisher-subscriber data by determining a publisher logical device and a subscriber logical device from the IEDs and the connections therebetween, based on the engineering data, stores into the engineering data the publisher-subscriber data, transfers the engineering data to the substation communication configuration tool via the SCD file, and automatically maps, in the substation communication configuration tool, the publisher logical device and the subscriber logical device with the GOOSE and SMV information based on the engineering data and the publisher-subscriber data.
A computer-implemented method for the automated identification of a process model for a model-based, predictive multivariable control of a process installation, wherein reference is made to previously defined controlled variables, manipulated variables and disturbance variables for the model-based, predictive multivariable control of the process installation.
G05B 13/04 - Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric involving the use of models or simulators
A modularly assembled automation system includes a main unit with a plug-in bus port connector, a plurality of modules each with a plug-in bus connector and a plug-in signal connector, a backplane bus board in a layered structure with bus conductor tracks, a motherboard on which a plurality of connector elements are arranged, wherein the plug-in signal connectors of the modules are arranged in the connector elements and the connector elements are in electrical contact with conductor tracks of the motherboard, the bus conductor tracks and the layered structure of the backplane bus board are configured such that a layer stack forming the bus conductor tracks and core material contains features necessary for maintaining signal integrity of the signals on the backplane bus board and thus, with respect to the signal integrity of the signals on the backplane bus board, this is arranged separately on the motherboard.
A protection device for monitoring an energy supply grid has a measured value acquisition device for acquiring measured values which indicate an electrical state of the energy supply grid, and an evaluation device which is connected to the measured value acquisition device and is configured to carry out a plurality of protection functions and, as a result, to make a decision as to whether the energy supply grid is in a permissible or impermissible operating state. Here, the evaluation device be designed entirely in the form of a single neural network with an input neuron layer that receives the measured values and/or values derived therefrom, intermediate neuron layers, and an output neuron layer which outputs a classification of operating states of the energy supply grid. The neural network for classifying the operating states is trained to carry out all protection functions together.
H02J 13/00 - Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
G01R 31/08 - Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
Various embodiments of the teachings herein include an apparatus comprising: a component; a cooling element; and a connecting element arranged between the component and the cooling element to thermally couple the cooling element to the component. The connecting element comprises a porous connecting body including a metal material. Pores of the connecting body are at least in part filled with a filling material including a low-melting alloy or a fluorinated organic liquid.
H01L 23/373 - Cooling facilitated by selection of materials for the device
H01L 23/473 - Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation involving the transfer of heat by flowing fluids by flowing liquids
85.
SEMICONDUCTOR MODULE COMPRISING AT LEAST ONE SEMICONDUCTOR ELEMENT
A semiconductor module includes a first substrate, a second substrate having a closed, in particular continuous, hollow chamber structure, and a semiconductor element having a first side connected to the first substrate in a planar manner and a second side which faces away from the first side and is connected to the second substrate in a planar manner. A phase change material is arranged in the hollow chamber structure of the second substrate and in thermally conductive connection with the semiconductor element.
H01L 23/00 - SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS - Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
H01L 21/48 - Manufacture or treatment of parts, e.g. containers, prior to assembly of the devices, using processes not provided for in a single one of the groups
In a method for machining a workpiece with a machining system, the machining system is controlled with at least one control parameter, which is then adapted during machining of the workpiece based on an instantaneous mass of the workpiece or based on an instantaneous moment of inertia of the workpiece. The instantaneous mass of the workpiece or the instantaneous moment of inertia of the workpiece are dependent on a machining progress and are ascertained with reference to a geometric model of the workpiece to be machined based on a density of the workpiece and an instantaneous shape of the workpiece as determined with reference to the geometric model of the workpiece. The geometric model is updated with reference to a machining simulation.
Various embodiments of the teachings herein include a material layer. The material layer may include: a first ply including a first material adjoined along its planar extent by a second material, and integrally bonded along a first connecting section, the first having a lower relative permeability μτ than the second; a second ply integrally bonded to the first and at least partially covering the latter on a planar side, the second ply including a third and a fourth material connected along a planar extent along a second connecting section, the region of the third material or the fourth at least partially overlapping the first connecting section; and a third ply including a fifth and a sixth material, arranged on the first ply on a planar side opposite the second ply. The fourth material and the sixth material comprise a matching substance material different in relative permeability from the second material.
H02K 1/02 - DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES - Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the magnetic material
B28B 1/00 - Producing shaped articles from the material
H02K 15/02 - Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines of stator or rotor bodies
A circuit breaker for a low-voltage electric circuit includes a mechanical break contact unit which is connected in series with an electronic interrupting unit. The mechanical break contact unit is switched by breaking contacts to prevent current from flowing or by closing the contacts to allow current to flow in the low-voltage circuit. The electronic interrupting unit switches semiconductor-based switching elements into a high-impedance state to prevent current from flowing or into a low-impedance state to allow current to flow in the low-voltage circuit. The amplitude of the current in the low-voltage circuit is ascertained as instantaneous current values. If the instantaneous current value is exceeded relative to at least one current threshold value, prevention of current flowing in the low-voltage circuit is initiated. The at least one current threshold value is adapted in dependence on the amplitude of the current in the low-voltage circuit.
H01H 33/59 - Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle
H01H 9/54 - Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
A vacuum interrupter has a cover base formed with an insertion opening for an axially movable moving contact rod carrying a moving contact. The moving contact rod is routed out of the vacuum interrupter in a vacuum-tight manner by way of a bellows. The bellows has a centering appendage which is formed by a tubular end piece of the bellows that runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bellows and is inserted into the insertion opening. The bellows moreover has a bellows base which is disposed on the centering appendage, runs substantially transversely to the longitudinal axis of the bellows, and is formed with a through-opening for the moving contact rod.
A semiconductor module includes a semiconductor element having a first side in contact with a first substrate in a planar manner, and a second side which faces away from the first side and contacts a metallic heat sink in a planar manner. The heat sink is in thermally conductive connection with the semiconductor element and connected to the second substrate in an electrically conductive manner. The heat sink includes a main body for planar contacting of the semiconductor element and a fin arranged in a recess of the second substrate. The second substrate is connected in an electrically conductive manner to the main body which has a circumferential contact surface around the fin to establish a material-bonded connection with a substrate metallization of the second substrate. The circumferential contact surface is arranged on a side of the main body facing away from the semiconductor element.
A device for monitoring a shaft coupling coupling a first shaft to a second shaft includes an optical unit having a receiving element to receive electromagnetic radiation. A modifying unit modifies a radiant energy impinging on the receiving element as the first shaft runs asynchronously with respect to the second shaft. The modifying unit includes a holographic optical component designed for arrangement on and/or within the first shaft, and a diaphragm designed for arrangement on and/or within the second shaft and including radially arranged slots and radially arranged filled regions in an at least substantially regular sequence. The diaphragm includes an at least substantially centrally arranged opening. The holographic optical component is designed for illumination or irradiation with the electromagnetic radiation and generates a pattern having radially arranged areas with a first radiant energy and radially arranged areas with a second radiant energy in an at least substantially regular sequence.
G01M 13/022 - Power-transmitting couplings or clutches
F16D 9/06 - Couplings with safety member for disconnecting by breaking due to shear stress
F16D 9/08 - Couplings with safety member for disconnecting by breaking due to shear stress over a single area encircling the axis of rotation, e.g. shear necks on shafts
F16D 9/10 - Couplings with safety member for disconnecting by breaking due to shear stress having a part movable after disconnection so as to provide reconnection, e.g. advanceable shear pins
92.
SIGNING SYSTEM FOR VALIDATING STATEFUL HASH-BASED DIGITAL SIGNATURES
A signing system for validating stateful hash-based digital signatures includes a signing device, a logging device and a verifying device, wherein each signing device is configured to receive data, generate a hash-based digital signature including a one-time signature, generate a one-time public key, send the generated one-time public key, send the hash-based digital signature, the verifying device is configured to generate a validation one-time public key, send the validation one-time public key, and the logging device is configured to store the generated one-time public key, receive a validation one-time public key, compare the validation one-time public key with all one-time public keys provide a validation feedback signal, if the validation one-time public key coincides with exactly one stored one-time private key, and provide a warning feedback signal, if the validation one-time public key does not coincide with exactly one stored one-time private key.
H04L 9/32 - Arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system
93.
PLUG-IN SUMMATION CURRENT TRANSFORMER MODULE, RAIL-MOUNTED DEVICE, AND ASSEMBLY METHOD
A plug-in summation current transformer module for insertion into a module-overlapping installation space of a multi-pole rail-mounted device that is formed of a plurality of housing modules has a summation current transformer and primary conductors routed through the tubular summation current transformer. The primary conductors have primary conductor ends. A primary conductor holder for fixing the primary conductor ends is fastened to the summation current transformer and adopts a fixing position for holding the primary conductor ends in an assembling position for insertion into a module-overlapping installation space and a releasing position where the primary conductor ends move transversely into a releasing position allowing the primary conductor ends to join into their contacts in the modules.
H01H 83/22 - Protective switches, e.g. circuit-breaking switches, or protective relays operated by abnormal electrical conditions otherwise than solely by excess current operated by excess current as well as by some other abnormal electrical condition the other condition being unbalance of two or more currents or voltages
H01H 71/12 - Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release
The present disclosure describes methods and/or apparatus for gripping a plurality of types of circuit boards. For example, a method may include: gripping a first circuit board using a first sub-gripper of an integrated mechanical gripper, wherein the integrated mechanical gripper comprises a plurality of sub-grippers; placing the first circuit board into a transfer platform; gripping the first circuit board from the transfer platform using a second sub-gripper of the plurality of sub-grippers, flipping the first circuit board, and placing the flipped first circuit board into a splitter; splitting the first circuit board into at least one second circuit board with a different type or size from the first circuit board; and gripping the second circuit board from the splitter using a third sub-gripper of the plurality of sub-grippers.
System and method for logic rule formula induction on knowledge graphs for engineering system designs include receiving plurality of knowledge graphs for an engineering system. For a disconnected knowledge graph, agglomerative beam search is constrained to edges connected from node of interest, and candidate formulas are generated representing a respective edge found by the beam search engine, each formula constrained by a requirement of at least two arguments for defined formula chain length. Formula evaluation establishes whether each candidate formula is valid. Top ranked formulas are selected from the candidate formulas according to defined criteria. For well-connected graphs, a graph neural network is trained to predict first class for a query graph and second class for distractor graph. Counterfactual solver engine solves for minimum number of edits to query graph toward distractor graph which transforms predicted first class of the query graph to predicted second class.
Various embodiments of the teachings herein include a method for coating a membrane with a catalyst. An example method includes: positioning a membrane in a reactor chamber; coating the membrane on a first surface with a metal by atomic layer deposition; purging the reactor chamber to remove any metal remaining in the reactor chamber and not deposited on the at least one surface of the membrane; generating a plasma using a plasma source within the reactor chamber and contacting the plasma with the metal deposited on the first surface of the membrane; and purging the reactor chamber to remove volatile compounds generated during the reaction. A grid or a perforated plate separates the plasma source and the coated membrane.
C23C 16/455 - Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition (CVD) processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into the reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in the reaction chamber
C23C 16/06 - Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition (CVD) processes characterised by the deposition of metallic material
97.
ENHANCEMENT OF HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI) FOR CONTROLLING A ROBOT
A method for providing an enhanced human-machine interface to control a robot, and a device supporting the method is provided. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a method includes: monitoring a manipulation input by a user for an operation of the robot on the enhanced HMI, which is enhanced from a proprietary HMI proprietary to the robot; generating a first program in a first program environment for the enhanced HMI in response to the monitored manipulation; retrieving action information relating to actions to be performed as part of the operation of the robot, wherein the actions are defined in a second program environment for the proprietary HMI; generating a second program in the second program environment corresponding to the first program by using the retrieved action information; and controlling the robot to perform the operation using the second program.
A system and method for extracting mathematical formulae from the one or more technical documents is disclosed. The method includes identifying variables and a concept associated with each of the variables from the one or more technical documents. The method includes determining interdependencies between variables in the extracted mathematical formulae based on the identified variables and the concept associated with the variables. The method includes generating the knowledge base based on the determined interdependencies. The method further includes providing access to the knowledge base to an end-user.
For detecting a cyber-attack on a machine controller, a concurrent simulation of the machine is run in a secured access domain. From the machine controller actual control data are transmitted to the machine and resulting monitoring data are transmitted to a monitoring device. Furthermore, sensor data of the machine are transmitted to the concurrent simulation on a first secured transmission path. Based on the sensor data, the concurrent simulation simulates an operational behavior of the machine, thus inferring simulated monitoring data. The simulated monitoring data are then compared with the resulting monitoring, and an alarm signal is triggered depending on the comparison.
G05B 19/418 - Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control (DNC), flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), integrated manufacturing systems (IMS), computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)
100.
Method and System for Open-Loop or Closed-Loop Control of a Technical Device
System and method for influencing an open-loop or closed-loop control parameter of a technical device by at least one initial parameter that is generated in accordance with at least one input parameter, wherein a predicted future value of a parameter detected in the technical device is used as an input parameter to compensate at least in part for temporal delays between the detection of the parameter and the generation of the initial parameter from the input parameter, where delays in the transmission and processing of values of input parameters can thus be compensated for and dead times in the open-loop or closed-loop control of the technical device that are caused thereby can be prevented.
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