F16F 1/00
|
Springs |
F16F 1/02
|
Springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction; Wound, torsion, leaf, cup, ring or the like springs, the material of the spring not being relevant |
F16F 1/04
|
Wound springs |
F16F 1/06
|
Wound springs with turns lying in cylindrical surfaces |
F16F 1/08
|
Wound springs with turns lying in mainly conical surfaces |
F16F 1/10
|
Spiral springs with turns lying substantially in plane surfaces |
F16F 1/12
|
Attachments or mountings |
F16F 1/13
|
Attachments or mountings comprising inserts or spacers between the windings for changing the mechanical or physical characteristics of the spring |
F16F 1/14
|
Torsion springs consisting of bars or tubes |
F16F 1/16
|
Attachments or mountings |
F16F 1/18
|
Leaf springs |
F16F 1/20
|
Leaf springs with layers, e.g. anti-friction layers, or with rollers between the leaves |
F16F 1/22
|
Leaf springs with means for modifying the spring characteristic |
F16F 1/24
|
Lubrication; Covers, e.g. for retaining lubricant |
F16F 1/26
|
Attachments or mountings |
F16F 1/28
|
Attachments or mountings comprising cylindrical metal pins pivoted in close-fitting sleeves |
F16F 1/30
|
Attachments or mountings comprising intermediate pieces made of rubber or similar elastic material |
F16F 1/32
|
Cup springs; Dished disc springs |
F16F 1/34
|
Ring springs, i.e. annular bodies deformed radially due to axial load |
F16F 1/36
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction |
F16F 1/37
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction of foam-like material, e.g. sponge rubber |
F16F 1/38
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction with a sleeve of elastic material between a rigid outer sleeve and a rigid inner sleeve or pin |
F16F 1/40
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction consisting of a stack of similar elements separated by non-elastic intermediate layers |
F16F 1/41
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction consisting of a stack of similar elements separated by non-elastic intermediate layers the spring consisting of generally conically arranged elements |
F16F 1/42
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by the mode of stressing |
F16F 1/44
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by the mode of stressing loaded mainly in compression |
F16F 1/46
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by the mode of stressing loaded mainly in tension |
F16F 1/48
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by the mode of stressing loaded mainly in torsion |
F16F 1/50
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by the mode of stressing loaded mainly in shear |
F16F 1/52
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by the mode of stressing loaded in combined stresses |
F16F 1/54
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by the mode of stressing loaded in combined stresses loaded in compression and shear |
F16F 1/362
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction made of steel wool or compressed hair |
F16F 1/364
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction made of cork, wood or the like material |
F16F 1/366
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction made of fibre reinforced plastics |
F16F 1/368
|
Leaf springs |
F16F 1/371
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by inserts or auxiliary extension elements, e.g. for rigidification |
F16F 1/373
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by having a particular shape |
F16F 1/374
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by having a particular shape having a spherical or the like shape |
F16F 1/376
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by having a particular shape having projections, studs, serrations or the like on at least one surface |
F16F 1/377
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by having a particular shape having holes or openings |
F16F 1/379
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction characterised by arrangements for controlling the spring temperature, e.g. by cooling |
F16F 1/387
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction with a sleeve of elastic material between a rigid outer sleeve and a rigid inner sleeve or pin comprising means for modifying the rigidity in particular directions |
F16F 1/393
|
Springs made of material having high internal friction with a sleeve of elastic material between a rigid outer sleeve and a rigid inner sleeve or pin with spherical or conical sleeves |
F16F 3/00
|
Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic |
F16F 3/02
|
Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic with springs made of steel or of other material having low internal friction |
F16F 3/04
|
Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic with springs made of steel or of other material having low internal friction composed only of wound springs |
F16F 3/06
|
Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic with springs made of steel or of other material having low internal friction composed only of wound springs of which some are placed around others in such a way that they damp each other by mutual friction |
F16F 3/07
|
Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic with springs made of steel or of other material having low internal friction combined with chambers filled with gas or liquid |
F16F 3/08
|
Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic with springs made of a material having high internal friction, e.g. rubber |
F16F 3/10
|
Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic with springs made of a material having high internal friction, e.g. rubber combined with springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction |
F16F 3/12
|
Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic with springs made of a material having high internal friction, e.g. rubber combined with springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction the steel spring being in contact with the rubber spring, e.g. being embedded in it |
F16F 3/087
|
Units comprising several springs made of plastics or the like material |
F16F 3/093
|
Units comprising several springs made of plastics or the like material the springs being of different materials, e.g. having different types of rubber |
F16F 5/00
|
Liquid springs in which the liquid works as a spring by compression, e.g. combined with throttling action; Combinations of devices including liquid springs |
F16F 6/00
|
Magnetic springs; Fluid magnetic springs |
F16F 7/00
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers |
F16F 7/01
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers using friction between loose particles, e.g. sand |
F16F 7/02
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers with relatively-rotatable friction surfaces that are pressed together |
F16F 7/04
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers with relatively-rotatable friction surfaces that are pressed together in the direction of the axis of rotation |
F16F 7/06
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers with relatively-rotatable friction surfaces that are pressed together in a direction perpendicular or inclined to the axis of rotation |
F16F 7/08
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers with friction surfaces rectilinearly movable along each other |
F16F 7/09
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers with friction surfaces rectilinearly movable along each other in dampers of the cylinder-and-piston type |
F16F 7/10
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers using inertia effect |
F16F 7/12
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers using plastic deformation of members |
F16F 7/14
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers of cable-support type, i.e. frictionally-engaged loop-forming cables |
F16F 7/104
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers using inertia effect the inertia member being resiliently mounted |
F16F 7/108
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers using inertia effect the inertia member being resiliently mounted on plastics springs |
F16F 7/112
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers using inertia effect the inertia member being resiliently mounted on fluid springs |
F16F 7/116
|
Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers using inertia effect the inertia member being resiliently mounted on metal springs |
F16F 9/00
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium |
F16F 9/02
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only |
F16F 9/04
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only in a chamber with a flexible wall |
F16F 9/05
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only in a chamber with a flexible wall the flexible wall being of the rolling diaphragm type |
F16F 9/06
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid |
F16F 9/08
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid in a chamber with a flexible wall |
F16F 9/10
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using a fluid of which the nature is immaterial |
F16F 9/12
|
Devices with one or more rotary vanes turning in the fluid, any throttling effect being immaterial |
F16F 9/14
|
Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect |
F16F 9/16
|
Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts |
F16F 9/18
|
Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts with a closed cylinder and a piston separating two or more working spaces therein |
F16F 9/19
|
Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts with a closed cylinder and a piston separating two or more working spaces therein with a single cylinder |
F16F 9/20
|
Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts with a closed cylinder and a piston separating two or more working spaces therein with the piston-rod extending through both ends of the cylinder |
F16F 9/22
|
Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts with one or more cylinders, each having a single working space closed by a piston or plunger |
F16F 9/24
|
Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts with one or more cylinders, each having a single working space closed by a piston or plunger with a single cylinder and a single piston or plunger |
F16F 9/26
|
Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts with one or more cylinders, each having a single working space closed by a piston or plunger with two cylinders in line and with the two pistons or plungers connected together |
F16F 9/28
|
Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts with one or more cylinders, each having a single working space closed by a piston or plunger with two parallel cylinders and with the two pistons or plungers connected together |
F16F 9/30
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium with solid or semi-solid material, e.g. pasty masses, as damping medium |
F16F 9/32
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium - Details |
F16F 9/34
|
Special valve constructions; Shape or construction of throttling passages |
F16F 9/36
|
Special sealings, including sealings or guides for piston-rods |
F16F 9/38
|
Covers for protection or appearance |
F16F 9/40
|
Arrangements for preventing froth |
F16F 9/42
|
Cooling arrangements |
F16F 9/43
|
Filling arrangements, e.g. for supply of gas |
F16F 9/44
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium - Details such means combined with temperature correction |
F16F 9/46
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium - Details such means combined with temperature correction allowing control from a distance |
F16F 9/48
|
Arrangements for providing different damping effects at different parts of the stroke |
F16F 9/49
|
Stops limiting fluid passage, e.g. hydraulic stops |
F16F 9/50
|
Special means providing automatic damping adjustment |
F16F 9/52
|
Special means providing automatic damping adjustment in case of change of temperature |
F16F 9/53
|
Means for adjusting damping characteristics by varying fluid viscosity, e.g. electromagnetically |
F16F 9/54
|
Arrangements for attachment |
F16F 9/56
|
Means for adjusting the length of, or for locking, the spring or damper, e.g. at the end of the stroke |
F16F 9/58
|
Stroke limiting stops, e.g. arranged on the piston rod outside the cylinder |
F16F 9/084
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid in a chamber with a flexible wall comprising a gas spring contained within a flexible wall, the wall not being in contact with the damping fluid, i.e. mounted externally on the damper cylinder |
F16F 9/088
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid in a chamber with a flexible wall comprising a gas spring with a flexible wall provided within the cylinder on the piston rod of a monotubular damper or within the inner tube of a bitubular damper |
F16F 9/092
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid in a chamber with a flexible wall comprising a gas spring with a flexible wall provided between the tubes of a bitubular damper |
F16F 9/096
|
Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid in a chamber with a flexible wall comprising a hydropneumatic accumulator of the membrane type provided on the upper or the lower end of a damper or separately from or laterally on the damper |
F16F 9/342
|
Throttling passages operating with metering pins |
F16F 9/344
|
Vortex flow passages |
F16F 9/346
|
Throttling passages in the form of slots arranged in cylinder walls |
F16F 9/348
|
Throttling passages in the form of annular discs operating in opposite directions |
F16F 9/504
|
Inertia-sensitive means |
F16F 9/508
|
Means responsive to the velocity of movement of the piston |
F16F 9/512
|
Means responsive to load action on the damper or fluid pressure in the damper |
F16F 9/516
|
Special means providing automatic damping adjustment resulting in the damping effects during contraction being different from the damping effects during extension |
F16F 11/00
|
Vibration-dampers or shock-absorbers working with both friction and a damping fluid |
F16F 13/00
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs |
F16F 13/02
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs damping by frictional contact between the spring and braking means |
F16F 13/04
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper |
F16F 13/06
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper the damper being a fluid damper, e.g. the plastics spring not forming a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper |
F16F 13/08
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper the damper being a fluid damper, e.g. the plastics spring not forming a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper the plastics spring forming at least a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper |
F16F 13/10
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper the damper being a fluid damper, e.g. the plastics spring not forming a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper the plastics spring forming at least a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper the wall being at least in part formed by a flexible membrane or the like |
F16F 13/12
|
Single chamber dampers |
F16F 13/14
|
Units of the bushing type |
F16F 13/16
|
Units of the bushing type specially adapted for receiving axial loads |
F16F 13/18
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper the damper being a fluid damper, e.g. the plastics spring not forming a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper the plastics spring forming at least a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper characterised by the location or the shape of the equilibration chamber, e.g. the equilibration chamber surrounding the plastics spring or being annular |
F16F 13/20
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper the damper being a fluid damper, e.g. the plastics spring not forming a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper characterised by comprising also a pneumatic spring |
F16F 13/22
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper the damper being a fluid damper, e.g. the plastics spring not forming a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper characterised by comprising also a dynamic damper |
F16F 13/24
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper the damper being a fluid damper, e.g. the plastics spring not forming a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper the central part of the unit being supported by one element and both extremities of the unit being supported by a single other element, i.e. double acting mounting |
F16F 13/26
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper characterised by adjusting or regulating devices responsive to exterior conditions |
F16F 13/28
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper characterised by adjusting or regulating devices responsive to exterior conditions specially adapted for units of the bushing type |
F16F 13/30
|
Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper characterised by adjusting or regulating devices responsive to exterior conditions comprising means for varying fluid viscosity, e.g. of magnetic or electrorheological fluids |
F16F 15/00
|
Suppression of vibrations in systems; Means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces, e.g. due to motion |
F16F 15/02
|
Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating, systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating system |
F16F 15/03
|
Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating, systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating system using electromagnetic means |
F16F 15/04
|
Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating, systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating system using elastic means |
F16F 15/06
|
Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating, systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating system using elastic means with metal springs |
F16F 15/08
|
Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating, systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating system using elastic means with rubber springs |
F16F 15/10
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system |
F16F 15/12
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using elastic members or friction-damping members, e.g. between a rotating shaft and a gyratory mass mounted thereon |
F16F 15/14
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using freely-swinging masses rotating with the system |
F16F 15/16
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using a fluid |
F16F 15/18
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using electric means |
F16F 15/20
|
Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by favourable grouping or relative arrangement of the moving members of the system or systems |
F16F 15/22
|
Compensation of inertia forces |
F16F 15/023
|
Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating, systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating system using fluid means |
F16F 15/24
|
Compensation of inertia forces of crankshaft systems by particular disposition of cranks, pistons, or the like |
F16F 15/26
|
Compensation of inertia forces of crankshaft systems using solid masses, other than the ordinary pistons, moving with the system |
F16F 15/027
|
Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating, systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating system using fluid means comprising control arrangements |
F16F 15/28
|
Counterweights; Attaching or mounting same |
F16F 15/30
|
Flywheels |
F16F 15/31
|
Flywheels characterised by means for varying the moment of inertia |
F16F 15/32
|
Correcting- or balancing-weights or equivalent means for balancing rotating bodies, e.g. vehicle wheels |
F16F 15/34
|
Fastening arrangements therefor |
F16F 15/36
|
Correcting- or balancing-weights or equivalent means for balancing rotating bodies, e.g. vehicle wheels operating automatically |
F16F 15/067
|
Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating, systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating system using elastic means with metal springs using only wound springs |
F16F 15/073
|
Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating, systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating system using elastic means with metal springs using only leaf springs |
F16F 15/121
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using elastic members or friction-damping members, e.g. between a rotating shaft and a gyratory mass mounted thereon using springs as elastic members, e.g. metallic springs |
F16F 15/123
|
Wound springs |
F16F 15/124
|
Plastics springs, e.g. made of rubber |
F16F 15/126
|
Plastics springs, e.g. made of rubber consisting of at least one annular element surrounding the axis of rotation |
F16F 15/127
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using elastic members or friction-damping members, e.g. between a rotating shaft and a gyratory mass mounted thereon using springs as elastic members, e.g. metallic springs using plastics springs combined with other types of springs |
F16F 15/129
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using elastic members or friction-damping members, e.g. between a rotating shaft and a gyratory mass mounted thereon characterised by friction-damping means |
F16F 15/131
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using elastic members or friction-damping members, e.g. between a rotating shaft and a gyratory mass mounted thereon the rotating system comprising two or more gyratory masses |
F16F 15/133
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using elastic members or friction-damping members, e.g. between a rotating shaft and a gyratory mass mounted thereon the rotating system comprising two or more gyratory masses using springs as elastic members, e.g. metallic springs |
F16F 15/134
|
Wound springs |
F16F 15/136
|
Plastics springs, e.g. made of rubber |
F16F 15/137
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using elastic members or friction-damping members, e.g. between a rotating shaft and a gyratory mass mounted thereon the rotating system comprising two or more gyratory masses using springs as elastic members, e.g. metallic springs the elastic members consisting of two or more springs of different types |
F16F 15/139
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using elastic members or friction-damping members, e.g. between a rotating shaft and a gyratory mass mounted thereon the rotating system comprising two or more gyratory masses characterised by friction-damping means |
F16F 15/167
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using a fluid having an inertia member, e.g. ring |
F16F 15/173
|
Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system using a fluid having an inertia member, e.g. ring provided within a closed housing |
F16F 15/305
|
Flywheels made of plastics, e.g. fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) |
F16F 15/315
|
Flywheels characterised by their supporting arrangement, e.g. mountings, cages, securing inertia member to shaft |